施用草甘膦对转基因抗除草剂大豆田杂草防除、大豆安全性及杂草发生的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.06.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】转GAT 和EPSPS 双价基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’是我国具有自主知识产权的抗除草剂材料,喷施草甘膦后,评价草甘膦对杂草防除、大豆安全和杂草发生的影响,为其将来商业化种植后的安全监测与杂草治理提供数据支持。【方法】除草效果：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记,施药后28 d调查禾本科和阔叶杂草株数,并剪取地上部分称取鲜重, 计算株防效和鲜重防效。对大豆安全性：每小区以对角线5点取样法,每点随机取4株大豆并标记,在喷药当天、药后7、14、21及28 d调查大豆株高和复叶数,观察药害,收获前每小区取50株大豆调查结荚数及产量。杂草发生情况：每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m ²样点并标记（避开除草效果取样点）,调查并记录每种杂草种类、株数,计算每种杂草相对多度。【结果】转基因大豆喷施900、1 800和3 600 g a.i./hm ²草甘膦对禾本科杂草株防效2016年分别为84.30%、95.22%和83.62%,阔叶杂草株防效分别为49.80%、64.52%和61.93%,禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别在95.36%和82.05%以上,2017年对禾本科和阔叶草株防效分别达94.93%和85.09%以上,对禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别达98.00%和96.57%以上。转基因大豆喷施草甘膦对大豆生长没有不良影响,产量高于人工除草处理。两年研究结果表明转基因抗除草剂大豆喷施草甘膦后杂草群落发生改变,转基因抗除草剂大豆田不除草处理小区主要优势阔叶杂草为反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、打碗花（Calystegia hederacea）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）,禾本科杂草为狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）和牛筋草（Eleusine indica）,共6种,喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²后转基因大豆田5种主要优势杂草为打碗花、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、马齿苋、牛筋草和狗尾草。【结论】转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’喷施草甘膦900—3 600 g a.i./hm ²对杂草有很好的防除效果, 对大豆安全。因此,转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’将在我国有很好的商业化应用前景,喷施草甘膦影响杂草种群的发生,如今后商业化种植需长期密切监测种群变化。

关键词: 转基因大豆, 草甘膦, 杂草防除, 作物安全

Abstract:

【Objective】 Transgenic soybean ‘GE-J16’ that co-expressed with GAT and EPSPS conferring resistance to glyphosate, is a herbicide-resistant (HR) variety in China with independent intellectual property. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of glyphosate application on weed control, soybean safety, and weed occurrence in glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean ‘GE-J16’, and to provide the basic data for HR crops’ safety monitoring after commercial planting and weed management strategies.【Method】For weed control, in each soybean plot, 5 sample points were chosen along a diagonal and 0.25 m ²was tagged as one sample point, 28 days after glyphosate application (DAG), the numbers of grassy and broadleaf weeds were surveyed and the above-ground parts were cut to get fresh weight, then weed control efficacy was calculated by fresh weight and weed number. For soybean safety, in each soybean plot, 5 sample points were chosen along a diagonal and 4 soybean plants were tagged with random selection in one sample point. The plant height and compound leaf number were investigated on the day of spraying, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAG, separately. At the same time, herbicide damage of plants was visually observed. Before harvest, 50 soybean plants were collected from each plot, pod number of each plant and yield of 50 plants were tested. For weed occurrence, in each soybean plot, 5 sampling points were chosen along a diagonal and 0.25 m ²was tagged as one sample point. All selected sampling points were different from those sampling points of weed control. The number and type of each weed species were counted in each sampling point. For each species of weeds, relative abundance (RA) was calculated.【Result】In 2016, at the glyphosate application doses of 900, 1 800 and 3 600 g a.i./hm ², the plant control efficacy of grassy and broadleaf weeds was 84.30%, 95.22%, 83.62%, and 49.80%, 64.52%, 61.93%, respectively. The fresh weight control efficacy of grassy and broadleaf weeds was above 95.36% and 82.05%, respectively. In 2017, at the same glyphosate application doses, the plant control efficacy of grassy and broadleaf weeds was above 94.93% and 85.09%, respectively. The fresh weight control efficacy of grassy and broadleaf weeds was above 98.00% and 96.57%, respectively. Glyphosate did not affect plant growth after application and soybean yield of different glyphosate treatments was higher than that of hand weeding treatment. Two years of short-term experimental research showed that weed species shifted in transgenic GR soybean after glyphosate application. The weed flora was dominated by six species including broadleaf weeds Amaranthus retroflexus, Calystegia hederacea, Portulaca oleracea, and grassy weeds Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Eleusine indica in GR soybean without weeding, while in GR soybean sprayed with glyphosate at 900 to 3 600 g a.i./hm ², the weed flora was dominated by C. hederacea, Lagopsis supina, P. oleracea, E. indica, and S. viridis.【Conclusion】Glyphosate at 900-3 600 g a.i./hm ² has a good weed control efficacy in transgenic GR soybean ‘GE-J16’, and it is safe for soybean ‘GE-J16’. Thus, transgenic soybean ‘GE-J16’ has great potential for application in China in the future. The weed species shift in GR soybean after glyphosate application, and it will be needed to monitor for a long time if transgenic soybean is permitted to plant in China.

Key words: transgenic soybean, glyphosate, weed control, crop safety

于惠林,贾芳,全宗华,崔海兰,李香菊. 施用草甘膦对转基因抗除草剂大豆田杂草防除、大豆安全性及杂草发生的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(6): 1166-1177.

HuiLin YU,Fang JIA,ZongHua QUAN,HaiLan CUI,XiangJu LI. Effects of Glyphosate on Weed Control, Soybean Safety and Weed Occurrence in Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Soybean[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(6): 1166-1177.

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图/表 11

表1

表2

2016年转基因大豆施用草甘膦后株高及复叶数"

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)
处理 Treatment		施药当天 On the day of spraying	药后7 d 7 DAG	药后14 d 14 DAG	药后21 d 21 DAG	药后28 d 28 DAG
受体（人工除草）Recipient (Hand weeding)		21.68±0.69a	33.12±1.06a	49.37±3.97a	74.28±3.10a	88.48±6.67a
转基因大豆GR soybean	不除草No weeding	18.87±1.39a	28.38±2.56a	36.92±1.13b	60.95±3.52b	65.38±3.52a
	人工除草Hand weeding	19.68±0.79a	29.68±1.45a	38.53±0.54b	68.17±1.79ab	74.00±1.86a
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	18.22±0.72a	26.20±0.76a	37.27±1.54b	61.83±1.87b	67.95±3.41a
	^*喷草甘膦 900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	20.27±0.94a	29.47±0.75a	41.07±1.42ab	63.80±1.71ab	71.30±6.39a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	19.35±0.93a	28.63±0.56a	40.02±0.81ab	62.92±1.12b	71.92±4.57a
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	19.45±0.38a	29.80±0.38a	42.18±2.32ab	66.83±0.41ab	76.50±5.91a
		F_6,20=1.53, P=0.24	F_6,20=2.69, P=0.06	F_6,20=4.65, P=0.01	F_6,20=4.26, P=0.01	F_6,20=2.27, P=0.10
		复叶数（片/株）Compound leaf number (number/plant)
受体（人工除草）Recipient (Hand weeding)		4.88±0.07a	8.43±0.29a	9.90±0.13a	13.70±0.14a	14.25±0.13a
转基因大豆GR soybean	不除草No weeding	4.60±0.23a	7.52±0.42a	9.45±0.16a	12.47±0.22a	13.65±0.33a
	人工除草Hand weeding	4.83±0.21a	8.08±0.09a	9.53±0.24a	13.33±0.74a	14.58±0.25a
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	4.58±0.04a	7.48±0.17a	9.50±0.05a	13.33±0.28a	14.33±0.70a
	^*喷草甘膦 900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	4.95±0.26a	7.97±0.06a	9.85±0.20a	13.45±0.43a	14.52±0.20a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	4.72±0.20a	7.77±0.21a	15.00±5.48a	13.20±0.13a	14.85±0.33a
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	4.95±0.16a	7.97±0.12a	9.90±0.18a	14.12±0.12a	14.97±0.09a
		F_6,20=0.72, P=0.64	F_6,20=2.14, P=0.11	F_6,20=0.91, P=0.51	F_6,20=2.00, P=0.14	F_6,20=1.62, P=0.21

表2

表3

2017年转基因大豆施用草甘膦后株高及复叶数"

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)
处理 Treatment		施药当天 On the day of spraying	药后7 d 7 DAG	药后14 d 14 DAG	药后21 d 21 DAG	药后28 d 28 DAG
受体（人工除草）Recipient (Hand weeding)		15.20±1.39a	34.35±3.09a	47.02±2.91a	71.05±14.00a	92.92±15.36a
转基因大豆 GR soybean	不除草No weeding	13.22±1.34a	28.18±5.35ab	38.72±5.50ab	52.28±8.78ab	63.10±15.00ab
	人工除草Hand weeding	12.87±0.64a	28.78±2.07ab	39.45±6.16ab	61.88±9.91ab	76.15±15.12ab
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	13.08±0.52a	20.83±5.42b	33.60±1.33b	52.27±6.69ab	57.15±4.68b
	*喷草甘膦 900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	14.57±0.92a	23.27±0.22ab	34.18±8.21ab	46.18±4.05b	58.07±2.67b
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	13.23±0.24a	21.65±1.22ab	31.70±1.98b	49.45±7.93ab	55.22±3.45b
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	13.08±0.27a	26.05±0.48ab	32.32±1.27b	49.62±7.09ab	55.17±7.17b
		F_6,20=1.05, P=0.44	F_6,20=3.96, P=0.02	F_6,20=4.22, P=0.12	F_6,20=3.38, P=0.28	F_6,20=7.60, P=0.001
		复叶数（片/株）Compound leaf number (number/plant)
受体（人工除草）Recipient (Hand weeding)		3.20±0.03a	6.93±0.79a	7.20±0.41a	9.37±0.57ab	10.98±0.69ab
转基因大豆 GR soybean	不除草No weeding	3.20±0.13a	5.82±0.33a	6.32±0.70a	7.98±1.78b	8.95±0.43c
	人工除草Hand weeding	2.83±0.13a	6.33±0.30a	7.33±0.34a	9.73±0.37ab	11.03±0.61ab
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	2.65±0.14a	5.97±0.27a	6.60±0.60a	9.78±0.96ab	12.05±0.92ab
	*喷草甘膦 900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	2.92±0.16a	6.37±0.07a	7.68±0.43a	10.95±0.53a	13.70±2.32a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	2.82±0.21a	6.10±0.49a	7.00±0.51a	10.78±0.77a	13.27±0.76ab
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	2.68±0.04a	5.67±0.54a	7.35±0.35a	10.38±0.38a	12.93±0.86ab
		F_6,20=2.59, P=0.07	F_6,20=2.68, P=0.06	F_6,20=1.95, P=0.14	F_6,20=5.25, P=0.01	F_6,20=20.46, P=0

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

表8

表9

表10

表11

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年 Year	转基因大豆不同处理 GR soybean with different treatments	杂草防除效果Weed control efficiency (%)
		株防效Plant control efficacy		鲜重防效Fresh weight control efficacy
		禾本科杂草 Grassy weeds	阔叶杂草 Broadleaf weeds	禾本科杂草 Grassy weeds	阔叶杂草 Broadleaf weeds
2016	人工除草Hand weeding	59.73±8.39b	45.79±12.26a	53.00±10.10b	43.34±4.49b
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	73.04±9.4 6ab	39.42±10.22a	81.49±9.72ab	62.62±13.28ab
	*喷草甘膦900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	84.30±3.41ab	49.80±10.82a	95.36±0.90a	82.05±0.44a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	95.22±2.66a	64.52±9.79a	99.78±0.12a	86.66±2.51a
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	83.62±2.05ab	61.93±16.33a	95.84±2.77a	84.77±5.95a
		F_4.14=5.60, P=0.01	F_4.14=0.83, P=0.53	F_4.14=9.44, P=0	F_4.14=6.14, P=0.01
2017	人工除草Hand weeding	82.14±4.39b	69.99±14.88b	39.45±21.97b	21.70±21.70b
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	72.56±5.43b	72.36±9.83ab	65.53±10.06ab	87.04±7.79a
	*喷草甘膦900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	94.93±0.24a	85.09±7.50ab	98.00±0.30a	96.57±1.36a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	99.11±0.34a	97.01±1.13ab	99.66±0.17a	98.47±0.76a
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	99.44±0.36a	97.86±0.97a	99.95±0.05a	97.24±1.02a
		F_4,14=26.65, P=0	F_4,14=3.78, P=0.04	F_4,14=8.24, P=0.003	F_4,14=10.12, P=0.002

处理 Treatment		2016		2017
处理 Treatment		豆荚数 Pod number (number/plant)	产量 Yield (g/50 plants)	豆荚数 Pod number (number/plant)	产量 Yield (g/50 plants)
受体（人工除草）Recipient (Hand weeding)		44.10±2.21a	389.07±16.98ab	40.04±1.69bcd	422.07±84.33ab
转基因大豆 GR soybean	不除草No weeding	28.95±3.87b	164.23±28.01c	27.83±3.97d	260.23±40.12b
	人工除草Hand weeding	38.60±3.16ab	271.80±30.97bc	30.62±2.35d	264.63±38.87b
	喷草甘膦450 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 450 g a.i./hm²	47.27±5.88a	294.20±64.78bc	37.01±3.19cd	397.63±38.63ab
	*喷草甘膦 900 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 900 g a.i./hm²	47.23±3.01a	509.07±54.49ab	53.57±4.51abc	472.43±21.84a
	喷草甘膦1800 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 1800 g a.i./hm²	50.53±7.49a	458.97±20.00ab	59.60±3.35ab	502.73±17.02a
	喷草甘膦3600 g a.i./hm² Spraying GP 3600 g a.i./hm²	48.53±3.69a	533.97±40.30a	67.63±5.65a	607.10±58.75a
		F_6,20=3.60, P=0.02	F_6,20=9.79, P=0	F_6,20=15.08, P=0	F_6,20=6.81, P=0.002

编号No.	杂草种类 Weed species	密度 Density (number/m²)	均度 Field uniformity (%)	频度 Frequency (%)	相对多度 Relative abundance
1	打碗花Calystegia hederacea	35.41	58.67	83.33	50.62
2	牛筋草Eleusine indica	33.39	67.52	96.67	48.51
3	马齿苋Portulaca oleracea	17.03	66.38	95.24	40.05
4	反枝苋 Amaranthus retroflexus	23.56	52.95	64.29	39.07
5	马唐Digitaria sanguinalis	12.92	58.76	94.29	36.42
6	狗尾草Setaria viridis	14.69	53.81	73.81	29.79
7	夏至草Lagopsis supina	16.91	21.05	45.71	21.57
8	铁苋菜Acalypha australis	0.91	11.05	44.76	9.04
9	刺儿菜Cirsium setosum	2.56	11.14	30.48	8.61
10	地锦Euphorbia humifusa	0.29	6.86	24.76	5.69
11	苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis	1.49	6.67	13.33	3.69
12	藜Chenopodium album	0.11	2.38	11.90	2.18
13	苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala	0.08	1.33	6.67	1.63
14	泥胡菜Hemistepta lyrata	0.24	1.33	6.67	1.15
15	籽粒苋Amaranthus hypochondriacus	8.50	30.48	52.38	0.74
16	苘麻Abutilon theophrasti	0.24	0.67	3.33	0.65
17	龙葵Solanum nigrum	0	0.67	3.33	0.59

编号 No.	杂草种类 Weed species	密度 Density (number/m²)	均度 Field uniformity (%)	频度 Frequency (%)	相对多度 Relative abundance
1	反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus	212.55	55.14	70.00	51.10
2	打碗花Calystegia hederacea	30.30	53.52	75.24	41.89
3	狗尾草Setaria viridis	78.27	66.48	85.71	41.84
4	马唐Digitaria sanguinalis	70.77	64.48	90.95	41.02
5	马齿苋Portulaca oleracea	33.97	66.76	95.24	36.63
6	牛筋草Eleusine indica	79.89	55.91	88.57	34.36
7	夏至草Lagopsis supina	26.42	21.81	36.67	23.35
8	铁苋菜Acalypha australis	1.01	15.33	40.95	9.19
9	苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis	1.57	8.00	26.67	6.49
10	藜Chenopodium album	0.56	7.81	22.38	4.76
11	地锦Euphorbia humifusa	1.56	4.29	7.14	2.55
12	牵牛Pharbitis nil	0.10	2.38	7.14	1.72
13	苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala	0.19	2.00	3.33	1.31
14	圆叶牵牛Pharbitis purpurea	0.27	1.43	4.76	0.85
15	酸模叶蓼Polygonum lapathifolium	0.03	0.67	3.33	0.80
16	泥胡菜Hemistepta lyrata	0.08	0.67	3.33	0.67
17	龙葵Solanum nigrum	0.02	0.48	2.38	0.66
18	野西瓜苗Hibiscus trionum	0.02	0.48	2.38	0.45
19	田旋花Convolvulus arvensis	0.02	0.48	2.38	0.37

编号 No.	杂草种类 Weed species	密度 Density (number/m²)	均度 Field uniformity (%)	频度 Frequency (%)	相对多度 Relative abundance
1	打碗花Calystegia hederacea	40.22	64.57	81.43	58.32
2	反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus	60.88	52.76	80.00	47.28
3	牛筋草Eleusine indica	36.10	70.00	100.00	43.52
4	马齿苋Portulaca oleracea	18.63	70.10	100.00	40.67
5	马唐Digitaria sanguinalis	16.42	58.86	96.67	36.99
6	狗尾草Setaria viridis	19.61	61.43	88.10	35.49
7	夏至草Lagopsis supina	22.36	20.00	36.67	15.86
8	铁苋菜Acalypha australis	0.86	8.86	37.14	7.55
9	苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis	2.75	6.67	16.67	4.44
10	藜Chenopodium album	0.21	3.81	19.05	3.41
11	刺儿菜Cirsium setosum	0.21	1.81	9.05	1.68
12	泥胡菜Hemistepta lyrata	0.32	1.33	6.67	1.15
13	地锦Euphorbia humifusa	0.05	1.14	5.71	1.24
14	牵牛Pharbitis nil	0.06	0.95	4.76	1.12
15	酸浆Physalis alkekengi	0.04	0.95	4.76	0.89
16	野西瓜苗Hibiscus trionum	0.02	0.48	2.38	0.40