2000—2010年欧洲耕地时空格局变化分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.06.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨2000—2010年欧洲耕地的数量、幅度、空间、利用程度变化和类型转换特征，科学描述欧洲耕地10年变化的总体特征。【方法】基于GlobeLand30数据产品，采用数理统计、GIS空间分析、Python批量处理等方法，选取面积数量、垦殖指数、耕地类型转换等多维度指标分析2000—2010年欧洲耕地时空格局变化特征。【结果】2010年欧洲耕地总面积为42 820.84×10⁴ hm²，不同区域耕地面积占欧洲耕地总面积比例依次为：东欧（51.17%）、南欧（19.07%）、中欧（13.62%）、西欧（13.31%）、北欧（2.83%）。欧洲的耕地分布相对集中，2010年耕地面积排名前10国家的耕地总面积约占欧洲耕地总面积的82.17%。2000—2010年，欧洲耕地面积总体增加约220.90×10⁴ hm²，增加幅度约0.52%，海拔较低的山脚处、河流沿岸为耕地扩展区域，海拔较高处、气候寒冷带的耕地呈减少趋势。北欧（1.25%）、东欧（0.88%）、西欧（0.64%）的耕地面积呈不同程度的增加，南欧（-0.03%）、中欧（-0.34%）则减少。北欧、东欧国家内部耕地面积变化十分剧烈，西欧、中欧国家变化平缓，南欧各国变化则差异较大。2010年欧洲全域的总体垦殖指数为18.71%，各地理分区耕地垦殖指数从高到低依次为：西欧（61.17%）、中欧（57.64%）、南欧（49.24%）、东欧（12.20%）、北欧（9.16%）。10年间欧洲4%的耕地与其他地类之间发生转移。耕地与森林、草地、灌木地、人造地表等类型之间的转移最为明显。东欧地区广袤的草地转入为耕地的比例最大。南欧、西欧、中欧地区耕地大量转出为人造地表的现象最为明显。【结论】欧洲现有耕地分布相对集中在东欧区域，岛屿或山地地区或气候寒冷区国家耕地面积较小。10年间欧洲耕地的空间变化总体平缓，耕地不变的区域占绝大部分，部分区域有耕地的增减。各国内部耕地面积变化剧烈程度总体较低，但具有显著的区域差异性。10年间欧洲耕地垦殖指数略微增加。森林、人造地表细微增加，草地却大量减少，但具有区域差异性，这对生态环境保护和耕地可持续发展产生了潜在的压力。

关键词: 欧洲, 耕地, 空间格局, 时空变化, GlobeLand30

Abstract: 【Objective】Aimed at exploring quantity, range, spatial position and conversion types of cultivated land change in Europe over 2000-2010, the study scientifically described general characteristics of cultivated lands in Europe during the ten years. 【Method】Based on GlobeLand30, mathematical statistics method, spatial analysis of GIS and batch processing of Python were applied to compute multi-dimensional indicators, such as quantity, range, variance of cultivated land change, cultivation index, as well as conversion-in rate and conversion-out rate of cultivated land area. 【Result】The total cultivated land area of Europe in 2010 was 42820.84×10⁴ hm². Different region had different proportions: east Europe (51.17%), south Europe (19.07%), central Europe (13.62%), west Europe (13.31%), and north Europe (2.83%). The distribution of cultivated land in Europe was relatively concentrated. The European cultivated land Top 10 countries composed 82.17% of European total cultivated land in 2010. Generally the cultivated land area increased 220.90×10⁴ hm² over 2000-2010 in Europe and the percentage was only 0.52%. To be specific, the foot of mountains and the sides of rivers were the expansion areas, but cultivated lands in the high altitudes and cold climate. The cultivated lands in north Europe (1.25%), east Europe (0.88%) and west Europe (0.64%) increased in different degrees, while the rest decreased. In north and east Europe, the change of cultivated land area was drastic within a country, while it was opposite in west and central Europe. In south Europe, the change of cultivated land area varied from country to country. The total cultivation index of Europe in 2010 was 18.71%. And five geographical zones ranked from high to low were: west Europe (61.17%), central Europe (57.64%), south Europe (49.24%), east Europe (12.20%), and north Europe (9.16%). Furthermore, the conversion between cultivated lands and other lands cover types only accounted for 4%, among which the conversion between cultivated land and forest, grassland, shrubland, artificial surfaces were the most obvious. In east Europe, vast grassland conversed most to cultivated land, while what conversed most to cultivated land in south Europe, west Europe and central Europe was artificial surface. 【Conclusion】Cultivated lands in Europe mainly concentrated in East Europe, while certain countries located in islands, mountainous areas and cold climate zones had few cultivated lands. At a spatial scale, cultivated lands in Europe appeared stable in the majority with some small change. Generally the change of cultivated land area was mild within a country but still had marked regional difference. During the ten years, the increases of cultivation index were slight. Although the proportion of conversion between cultivated land and other land cover was small, it still had predominantly regional difference. Tiny increase in forest and artificial surfaces but sharp reduction in grassland in contrast caused potential pressure to ecological environmental protection and sustainable development of cultivated lands. The findings could provide scientific support to the national agricultural trade, the “Agricultural Going-out”, utilities of domestic and foreign resources as well as the national strategy of propelling “The Belt and Road”.

Key words: Europe, cultivated land use, spatial distribution, temporal changes, GlobeLand30

项铭涛，吴文斌，胡琼，陈迪，陆苗，余强毅. 2000—2010年欧洲耕地时空格局变化分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(6): 1121-1133.

XIANG MingTao, WU WenBin, HU Qiong, CHEN Di, LU Miao, YU QiangYi . Spatial-Temporal Changes in Cultivated Lands in Europe over 2000-2010[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(6): 1121-1133.

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