黑龙江省春玉米产量潜力及产量差的时空分布特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.10.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究黑龙江省春玉米不同水平产量潜力及各级产量潜力之间产量差的时空分布特征，分析研究区域制约春玉米生产的限制因素。【方法】以黑龙江省春玉米种植区为研究区域，利用当地气候资料、作物生育期、栽培管理措施和土壤资料，使用区域尺度验证后的农业生产系统模型（APSIM），分析研究区域春玉米1981—2010年不同水平产量潜力，明确春玉米产量潜力及各级产量差的时空分布特征。【结果】研究区域内春玉米产量潜力与玉米生长季内日照时数分布趋势一致，西部高于东部，产量潜力年际变化趋势有增有减；春玉米雨养产量分布特征与生长季降水量分布特征相似，表现为中部高于东西部的趋势，降水量愈少的地区，雨养产量低且稳产性愈差；最近30年研究区域82%的站点雨养产量呈下降趋势，雨养产量的不稳定性远高于产量潜力的不稳定性，气候土壤生产力区域特征为西部齐齐哈尔和绥化地区最低。近30年因降水变化造成的产量差呈增加趋势，表明生长季干旱发生风险加大。【结论】降水是制约黑龙江省西部玉米产量的主要因素，可通过灌溉提高产量；中部伊春地区、通河地区和牡丹江地区，水分不是限制春玉米产量的因素，提高产量的途径是改良土壤条件及优化栽培管理措施；在雨养条件下，东部的三江平原通过改良土壤物理性状，可提高产量16%—22%。

关键词: 黑龙江省, 春玉米, 产力潜力, 产量差, 时空分布

Abstract: 【Objective】The objectiveb of this study is to figure out the spatial-temporal characteristics of potential yield and yield gaps between different levels, and to explicit the constraints of spring maize production in the study region. 【Method】 The well-calibrated and validated Agricultural Production Systems Simulator Model (APSIM) on a region scale was used to assess spring maize potential yields at different levels, and spatial-temporal characteristics of potential yield and yield gaps between different levels in Heilongjiang province from 1981-2010, based on the weather, phenology, management practices and soil data.【Result】In the study area, the spatial distribution of maize potential yield was similar to sunshine hours in maize growing season, which was higher in west than in east. The potential yield of maize showed an inconsistent trend during the past 30 years. The distribution of rain-fed yield was similar to the precipitation during maize growing season, and showed a positive association with precipitation. The rain-fed yield was in the order of central＞east＞west. The rain-fed yield was lower and unstable in the region with lower precipitation. The rain-fed yield in 82% of the selected stations showed a decreasing trend during the past 30 years. Instability of rain-fed yield was higher than potential yield. Qiqihaer and Suihua city showed lower values of climate-soil productivity. In the past 30 years, the yield gap caused by precipitation showed an increasing tendency, indicating the aggravated risk of drought. 【Conclusion】 The precipitation is the key constraints factor on yield in the West of Heilongjiang province, and yield could be increased by irrigation, however precipitation is not the limiting factors on yield in Yichun, Tonghe and Mudanjiang, and yield could be increased by improving soil conditions, optimizing management practices. Yield can be increased by 16%-22% through improving the physical properties of soil under the rain-fed condition in Sanjiang Plain of the eastern Heilongjiang province.

Key words: Heilongjiang province, spring maize, potential yield, yield gap, spatial-temporal characteristics

王静, 杨晓光, 吕硕, 刘志娟, 李克南, 荀欣, 刘园, 王恩利. 黑龙江省春玉米产量潜力及产量差的时空分布特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(10): 1914-1925.

WANG Jing, YANG Xiao-Guang, 吕Shuo , LIU Zhi-Juan, LI Ke-南, XUN Xin, LIU Yuan, WANG 恩Li. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Potential Yields and Yield Gaps of Spring Maize in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(10): 1914-1925.

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