中国农业科学

• 土壤肥料 • 上一篇    下一篇

丛枝菌根研究和应用的回顾

汪洪钢,吴观以,李慧荃   

  1. 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京 100081
  • 出版日期:2007-12-31 发布日期:2007-12-31
  • 作者简介:汪洪钢(1930-),男,安徽祁门人,研究员,研究方向为土壤微生物。Tel:010-68919217;E-mail:whg30819@yahoo.com.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(3860221)

Review of Base Research on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Its Field Application

WANG Hong-gang, WU Guan-yi, LI Hui-quan   

  1. Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Online:2007-12-31 Published:2007-12-31

摘要: 菌根是某些土壤真菌与植物的根系之间形成的一种互为有益的共生现象(Symbiosis)。菌根分为二大类一为外生菌根(Ectomycorrhiza),另一类为内生菌根(Endomycorrhiza)。本文回顾了20世纪80至90年代针对内生菌根中的丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza)所进行的研究:(1)丛枝菌根对提高磷肥利用率的作用;(2)豆科植物实行双接种(Dual inoculation)即接种根瘤菌和菌根真菌对提高磷的吸收和加强根瘤菌的固氮能力具有重要意义;(3)接种丛枝菌根能使农作物节约用水,使水分的利用效率提高一倍;(4)试验研究了二种药用植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)和荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)接种丛枝菌根对生物碱和挥发油合成作用显著;(5)从广西南宁和北京的土壤中分离出过去从未发现的我国2个新的纪录种—弯曲波纹状实果内囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa)和稀有内养囊霉(Entrospora infrequens)并对在丛枝菌根的研究方法进行了探索。把发根土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)的Ri T-DNA转移到胡萝卜的肉质根的切片上,诱导出大量毛根,因为根内有了生产植物生长激素基因,无需外加激素,离体根器官就能旺盛生长,与新纪录种弯曲波纹状实果内囊霉共生,形成大量丛枝菌根的菌丝和孢子,为菌根生态学研究提供了一种理想的手段。在四川绵阳地区多个县市开展了田间接种应用菌根的试验,帮助农民培养丛枝菌根的接种剂,训练接种方法,在大麦、小麦、玉米和果瓜等多种作物上进行田间应用试验,均获得显著增产效果,受到农民群众欢迎。西瓜接种不仅提高产量而且还提高了西瓜的含糖量。

关键词: 丛枝菌根 , 共生 , 田间接种

Abstract: Mycorhizae is a kind of beneficial symbiosis between certain soil fungi and plant roots. It is sorted two kinds, one is ectomycorrhiza, and the other is endomycorhizae. Endormycohorrhiza, especially Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), has a good relationship with agricultural production because it can infect most of crops. The main research achievements of AM from 1980s to 1990s in 20 century were reviewed in this article. (1) The effect of AM on increase of phosphate fertilizer use efficiency; (2) Dual inoculation of rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi in leguminous plants was important for improving phosphorus uptake from soil and promoting nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobia; (3) Inoculation of rhizobium and mycorrhiza can increase water use efficiency for crops, making it double compared to non-inoculation of AM; (4) Inoculation of AM has a remarkable effect of promoting synthesis of alkaloid and volatile oil of D. stramonium and S. tenuifolia as two medicinal plants; (5) Two new recorded species of S. sinuosa and E. infrequens were isolated in soil from Nanning City of Guangxi, and Beijing; Methodology of AM was carried on as well. The Ri T-DNA of A. rhizogenes transferred to the fleshy root slice of carrot inducing lots of fibril that grew well without additional hormone, because carrot root has the gene of producing plant hormone. The root symbioses with S. sinuosa induced the formation of a lot of hyphaes and spores of AM. This technique is very useful for the study of mycorhizae bionomics. Field experiments of mycorhizae application were conducted in several counties of Mianyang City in Sichuan Province. Marked effects of the inoculant were gained in barley, wheat, corn, water melon and fruits trees. We taught farmers to make the inoculant of AM and trained them for inoculation. Application of AM not only increased the production of crops, but also enhanced the content of sugar in melon.

Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhiza , Symbiosis , Field application