基于生命周期评价法的中国大豆及豆粕生产碳足迹（2014—2023年）

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】大豆及豆粕在中国的饲料工业中举足轻重。通过系统评估中国大豆产业的碳足迹特征，明确中国主产区大豆及豆粕生产的碳足迹，分析其时空演变规律与关键排放源构成，以期为从饲料源头制定减排策略提供依据，进而，为推进动物生产系统的低碳转型提供关键的基础数据与科学支撑。【方法】基于生命周期评价法，核算2014—2023年中国大豆主产省生产的碳足迹，采用经济价值分配法核算豆粕碳足迹并分析其构成，系统识别关键排放源与区域分异特征。【结果】（1）中国大豆生产碳足迹呈现明显的时空分异与下降趋势。2014—2023年中国主要产区大豆单位面积碳足迹均值为1 011.23 kg CO₂-eq/hm²，单位产量碳足迹均值为0.222 kg CO₂-eq/kg。空间上，华北地区单位面积碳足迹高，河北省最高（1 674.58 kg CO₂-eq/hm²）；单位产量碳足迹则在东北与华北部分地区偏高，山西省最高（0.38 kg CO₂-eq/kg）。时序上，全国大部分产区碳足迹呈下降趋势，山西（单位产量碳足迹年均降0.028 kg CO₂-eq/kg）和河北（单位面积碳足迹年均降59.13 kg CO₂-eq/hm²）降幅最大。（2）豆粕碳足迹主要源于种植阶段，且省级差异明显。全国豆粕碳足迹平均值为0.129 kg CO₂-eq/kg，各省范围在0.049—0.379 kg CO₂-eq/kg之间。大豆种植阶段贡献了豆粕全生命周期95%以上的碳排放。（3）碳足迹构成具有鲜明地域特征，关键排放源明确。全国碳排放构成中，农田N₂O直接排放（19.96%）与复合肥生产（17.81%）是前两大贡献源。区域分异明显，东北及内蒙古地区以农机柴油（10.00%—17.19%）和复合肥生产（20.47%—28.31%）为主；河北、山东地区灌溉电力消耗占比最高（20.14%—36.54%）；安徽、河南等地农药生产排放突出（27.09%—30.15%）。运输与加工环节合计贡献不足5%。【结论】优化大豆田间管理是降低豆粕碳足迹的关键。为实现全产业链协同减排，需推动以化肥增效、节水灌溉、绿色防控为核心的农业生产系统转型，并同步构建低碳供应链，从源头引导减排。在具体实施中，应结合不同地区的排放结构特征进行精准侧重，在东北及内蒙古地区，可重点推广新能源农机与缓控释肥；在河北、山东等地，优先发展节水灌溉技术；在安徽、河南等农药排放较高的区域，着力强化病虫害绿色防控体系。推动大豆产业绿色转型，需构建从“田间生产”到“饲料消费”的全链条低碳路径，也为从饲料源头降低动物生产碳排放提供明确方向。

关键词: 大豆, 豆粕, 碳足迹, 生命周期评价, 时空特征, 低碳减排

Abstract:

【Objective】Soybeans and soybean meal play a pivotal role in China's feed industry. To systematically evaluate the carbon footprint characteristics of China's soybean sector, this study aimed to determine the carbon footprint of soybean and soybean meal production in China's major producing regions. It analyzed their spatio-temporal evolution patterns and key emission source composition, thereby providing a scientific basis for formulating regionally differentiated emission reduction strategies and establishing low-carbon feed supply chains. 【Method】Employing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the production carbon footprint of China's major soybean-producing provinces from 2014 to 2023 was calculated. The economic price allocation method was used to quantify the carbon footprint of soybean meal and analyze its composition, systematically identifying key emission sources and regional differentiation characteristics. 【Result】(1) China's soybean production carbon footprint exhibited distinct spatiotemporal differentiation and a declining trend. The average carbon footprint per unit area across China's major soybean-producing regions from 2014 to 2023 was 1 011.23 kg CO₂-eq/hm², with an average carbon footprint per unit yield of 0.222 kg CO₂-eq/kg. Spatially, the North China region exhibited a high carbon footprint per unit area, with Hebei Province recording the highest value (1 674.58 kg CO₂-eq/hm²); while per-yield carbon footprints were elevated in parts of Northeast and North China, with Shanxi Province recording the highest value (0.38 kg CO₂-eq/kg). Chronologically, most production areas nationwide exhibited declining carbon footprint trends, with Shanxi (annual average decrease of 0.028 kg CO₂-eq/kg in per-yield footprint) and Hebei (annual average decrease of 59.13 kg CO₂-eq/hm² in per-area footprint) showing the most significant reductions. (2) Soybean meal carbon footprint primarily originated from cultivation, exhibiting marked provincial variations. The national average stands at 0.129 kg CO₂-eq/kg, ranging from 0.049 to 0.379 kg CO₂-eq/kg across provinces. Soybean cultivation accounted for over 95% of soybean meal's total lifecycle carbon emissions. (3) Carbon footprint composition exhibited distinct regional characteristics with identifiable key emission sources. Nationally, direct N₂O emissions from farmland (19.96%) and compound fertilizer production (17.81%) constituted the two largest contributors. Regional variations were pronounced: in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, emissions were dominated by agricultural diesel (10.00%-17.19%) and compound fertilizer production (20.47%-28.31%); in Hebei and Shandong, irrigation electricity consumption accounted for the highest proportion (20.14%-36.54%); while pesticide production emissions were prominent in Anhui, Henan and other areas (27.09%-30.15%). Transportation and processing collectively contributed less than 5%. 【Conclusion】 Optimizing soybean field management was the key to reducing the carbon footprint of soybean meal. To achieve coordinated emissions reduction across the entire industrial chain, it is necessary to promote the transformation of agricultural production systems centered on fertilizer efficiency enhancement, water-saving irrigation, and green pest control, while simultaneously building low-carbon supply chains to guide emissions reduction from the source. In practical implementation, the efforts should be tailored to the specific emission structure characteristics of different regions. In Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, the focus should be on promoting new energy agricultural machinery and controlled-release fertilizers; in Hebei and Shandong, water-saving irrigation technologies should be prioritized; in Anhui and Henan, where pesticide emissions was higher, green pest control systems should be strengthened. This tailored strategy combination ensured effective implementation of full-chain emission reduction pathways across regions. Advancing the soybean industry's green transformation requires establishing a full-chain low-carbon pathway from field production to feed consumption, thereby providing a clear direction for reducing animal production carbon emissions at the feed source.

Key words: soybeans, soybean meal, carbon footprint, life cycle assessment, spatiotemporal characteristics, low carbon emissions reduction

年雪妍, 张庆, 张建国, 屠焰. 基于生命周期评价法的中国大豆及豆粕生产碳足迹（2014—2023年）[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4617-4629.

NIAN XueYan, ZHANG Qing, ZHANG JianGuo, TU Yan. Carbon Footprint of Soybean and Soybean Meal Production in China Based on Life Cycle Assessment (2014—2023)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4617-4629.

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省（自治区）Provinces (Autonomous Regions)	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
河北Hebei	12.2/25.0	11.6/22.6	6.9/16.0	7.0/17.1	8.8/20.9	9.4/22.6	9.0/21.5	6.7/16.3	9.8/23.0	11.4/24.5
山西Shanxi	19.2/20.7	13.7/20.2	19.2/23.9	13.1/17.1	15.1/23.6	12.9/21.5	12.0/20.8	9.2/14.4	11.2/18.9	11.7/20.1
内蒙古Inner Mongolia	74.5/115.0	81.3/126.7	92.3/150.8	98.9/162.6	109.4/179.4	119.0/226.0	120.2/234.7	89.3/168.5	122.2/245.4	123.5/244.4
辽宁Liaoning	6.4/13.3	6.0/13.4	7.0/14.8	7.4/19.3	7.4/18.0	8.4/21.3	10.3/23.9	10.4/25.1	11.5/27.0	12.3/28.0
吉林Jilin	21.4/37.4	18.2/31.5	18.8/37.3	22.0/50.2	27.9/55.1	34.5/70.1	32.1/64.2	25.3/54.7	31.0/70.0	32.9/74.4
黑龙江Heilongjiang	279.3/514.0	266.1/498.8	322.3/562.8	373.5/689.4	356.8/657.8	427.9/780.8	483.2/920.3	388.8/718.8	493.2/953.4	488.7/927.8
安徽Anhui	85.2/115.0	82.1/126.8	83.0/125.3	85.9/130.2	65.0/97.5	63.6/95.7	60.5/92.9	58.7/90.9	61.1/94.2	63.2/97.8
山东Shandong	15.0/36.7	13.7/34.8	13.3/35.7	12.0/32.1	15.4/43.3	18.4/52.4	18.9/55.5	18.3/53.5	21.5/58.1	23.2/64.0
河南Henan	38.2/51.5	34.4/46.8	34.1/46.9	34.5/50.4	38.6/95.6	39.5/98.2	37.5/93.4	33.3/74.8	36.4/84.9	38.1/92.7
陕西Shaanxi	14.4/23.1	14.3/15.8	15.1/24.3	15.2/23.9	15.2/23.9	15.1/23.4	15.1/23.6	15.1/25.1	17.4/30.5	17.7/31.7

作物产出 Crop yield	质量分数 Mass fraction (%)	价格（元/t） Price (Yuan/t)
豆粕Soybean meal	32.94	4303.25
豆油Soybean oil	7.23	8780.00
大豆秸秆Soybean straw	59.82	860.00

项目 Project	排放因子 Emission factor	单位 Unit	排放因子来源 Sources of emission factors
大豆种子Soybean seeds	1.18	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[25]
除草剂Herbicide	10.15	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[25]
杀虫剂Insecticide	16.61	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[25]
杀菌剂Fungicide	10.57	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[25]
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer	1.53	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[26]
磷肥Phosphate fertilizer	1.63	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[26]
钾肥Potash fertilizer	0.65	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[26]
复合肥Compound fertilizer	1.77	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[26]
氮肥田间施用的N₂O直接排放因子 Direct N₂O emission factor for nitrogen fertilizers applied in the field	按区域划分 By region	kg N₂O-N/(kg N)	[27]
大气氮沉降排放N₂O排放因子 Atmospheric nitrogen deposition emission N₂O emission factor	0.01	kg N₂O-N/(kg N)	[27]
渗漏或径流损失的N的N₂O排放因子 N₂O emission factor for nitrogen losses from seepage or runoff	0.0075	kg N₂O-N/(kg N)	[27]
以NH₃和NO_x形式挥发的化肥氮比例 The proportion of nitrogen volatilised from fertilizers in the form of NH₃ and NO_x	0.1		[27]
氮肥以淋溶和径流损失比例 The proportion of nitrogen fertilizer lost through leaching and runoff	0.2		[27]
电力 Electricity	按省份划分 By province	kg CO₂-eq/kWh	[28]
柴油Diesel	3.10	kg CO₂-eq/kg	[29]

省（自治区） Provinces (Autonomous Regions)	单位面积碳足迹 Carbon footprint per unit area (kg CO₂-eq/hm²)	单位面积碳足迹年际变化率 Carbon footprint trend per unit area (kg CO₂-eq/hm²)	单位产量碳足迹 Carbon footprint per unit production (kg CO₂-eq/kg)	单位产量碳足迹年际变化率 Carbon footprint trend per unit production (kg CO₂-eq/kg)
安徽Anhui	681.21	-1.06	0.17	-0.002
河北Hebei	1674.58	-59.13	0.29	-0.014
河南Henan	655.88	-18.61	0.14	-0.017
黑龙江Heilongjiang	1012.43	-2.91	0.26	-0.002
吉林Jilin	1185.62	14.41	0.20	-0.003
辽宁Liaoning	1105.13	-9.21	0.18	-0.003
内蒙古Inner Mongolia	734.42	5.11	0.16	-0.004
山东Shandong	958.67	31.03	0.14	0.003
山西Shanxi	1121.45	-1.80	0.38	-0.028
陕西Shaanxi	982.90	19.39	0.30	-0.002

省（自治区） Provinces (Autonomous Regions)	碳足迹Carbon footprint (kg CO₂-eq·kg^-1)
省（自治区） Provinces (Autonomous Regions)	最大值Max	平均值Mean	最小值Min	标准差SD
安徽Anhui	0.124	0.099	0.073	0.015
河北Hebei	0.218	0.165	0.123	0.029
河南Henan	0.179	0.084	0.049	0.040
黑龙江Heilongjiang	0.158	0.148	0.137	0.006
吉林Jilin	0.155	0.117	0.106	0.014
辽宁Liaoning	0.124	0.102	0.084	0.013
内蒙古Inner Mongolia	0.112	0.096	0.087	0.009
山东Shandong	0.099	0.081	0.071	0.009
山西Shanxi	0.379	0.228	0.162	0.074
陕西Shaanxi	0.241	0.175	0.139	0.032