连续耕种和退耕造林对典型草原氮、磷养分的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4277-4288.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.007

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

连续耕种和退耕造林对典型草原氮、磷养分的影响

包雨凡¹(), 珠娜¹, 张敬敏¹, 赵曼², 刘嘉慧¹, 罗玉红¹, 李乐¹, 徐诺¹, 闫玉春¹()

¹ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
² 内蒙古呼伦贝尔农垦谢尔塔拉农牧场有限公司，内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021012

收稿日期:2025-11-25 接受日期:2026-03-12 出版日期:2026-10-01 发布日期:2026-10-10
通信作者:
闫玉春，E-mail：yanyuchun@caas.cn
联系方式: 包雨凡，E-mail：1244172698@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32230065); 国家自然科学基金(42071070); 北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室专项经费(G2026-05-50)

Effects of Continuous Cultivation and Cropland Afforestation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients in Typical Steppe

BAO YuFan¹(), ZHU Na¹, ZHANG JingMin¹, ZHAO Man², LIU JiaHui¹, LUO YuHong¹, LI Le¹, XU Nuo¹, YAN YuChun¹()

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Beijing 100081
² Hulunbuir Agricultural Reclamation Xieertala Farm Co., Ltd., Hulunbuir 021012, Inner Mongolia

Received:2025-11-25 Accepted:2026-03-12 Published:2026-10-01 Online:2026-10-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究内蒙古典型草原开垦后长期耕种及退耕后造林对土壤氮、磷养分的影响，以期为草地合理利用和可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】于2020年8月选择内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原的天然草地、耕地（连续耕种60年）以及灌木林地（退耕造林17—18年）进行土壤采样，分层采集0—50 cm土层土样，测定不同利用方式下土壤全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N），硝态氮（NO₃^--N）以及速效磷（AP）的含量，并计算、比较、分析用地类型变化对土壤氮、磷养分含量的影响。【结果】天然草地开垦和退耕造林对土壤氮、磷养分有显著影响：（1）天然草地开垦并长期耕种显著减少了0—10 cm土层全氮、全磷和铵态氮的含量，显著增加了0—30 cm土层速效磷的含量。（2）退耕并种植灌木后，土壤全氮和铵态氮含量没有显著变化，而土壤硝态氮含量(0—50 cm)、土壤全磷（20—50 cm土层）、土壤速效磷（0—30 cm土层）含量均显著下降。（3）土壤硝态氮和速效磷等速效养分对土地利用变化的响应更为剧烈。【结论】天然草地开垦后使土壤全氮、全磷含量下降，而当前以豆科灌木造林配合林下草本刈割的管理模式，难以在短期内实现土壤养分的有效恢复，甚至会加剧磷素的缺乏。

关键词: 草地开垦, 退耕造林, 土壤氮, 土壤磷, 典型草原

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term cultivation and cropland afforestation on soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in typical grasslands of Inner Mongolia, so as to provide the scientific basis for rational utilization and sustainable development of grassland.【Method】Soil samples were collected in 0 to 50 cm soil layers from natural grassland, cropland (continuously cultivated for 60 years) and shrubland (afforestation for 17-18 years) of typical grassland in XilinGol, Inner Mongolia in August 2020. The content of soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and available phosphorus (AP) were compared and analyzed under different land-use types.【Result】Grassland cultivation and the conversion of cropland to shrubland significantly affected soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients: (1) Reclamation and long-term cultivation of natural grassland significantly reduced the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen in the 0-10 cm soil layer, while significantly increasing the available phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. (2) Following shrubland establishment through cropland conversion, no significant changes were observed in soil total nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen content; however, nitrate nitrogen content throughout the 0-50 cm profile, total phosphorus in the 20-50 cm soil layer, and available phosphorus in the 0-30 cm soil layer all decreased significantly. (3) In response to land-use change, soil nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus-representing readily available nutrient pools-exhibited more pronounced changes compared to total nitrogen and total phosphorus.【Conclusion】Grassland cultivation significantly decreased the content of soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus, however, the current management model of planting leguminous shrubs combined with understory herb harvesting struggled to achieve effective soil nutrient recovery in the short term and might even exacerbate phosphorus deficiency.

Key words: grassland cultivation, conversion of cropland to shrubland, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus, typical steppe

包雨凡, 珠娜, 张敬敏, 赵曼, 刘嘉慧, 罗玉红, 李乐, 徐诺, 闫玉春. 连续耕种和退耕造林对典型草原氮、磷养分的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(19): 4277-4288.

BAO YuFan, ZHU Na, ZHANG JingMin, ZHAO Man, LIU JiaHui, LUO YuHong, LI Le, XU Nuo, YAN YuChun. Effects of Continuous Cultivation and Cropland Afforestation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients in Typical Steppe[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(19): 4277-4288.

图/表 8

表1

样地基本特征"

		样地1 Site1
草地 Grassland	优势种 Dominant species	糙隐子草、羊草、苔草、克氏针茅 Cleistogenes squarrosa, Leymus chinensis, Carex duriuscula, Stipa krylovii
草地 Grassland	管理方式 Management	放牧 Grazing	放牧 Grazing	刈割 Mowing	刈割 Mowing	刈割 Mowing
耕地 Cropland	开垦年限 Cultivation duration (a)	60	60	60	60	60
	作物类型 Crop type	向日葵 Helianthus annuus	小麦 Triticum aestivum	小麦 Triticum aestivum	小麦 Triticum aestivum	苜蓿 Medicago sativa
	管理方式 Management	1960-2013：小麦-燕麦轮作 2013-2020：小麦-燕麦-向日葵轮作灌溉施肥 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from1960 to 2013, Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa and Helianthus annuus rotation after 2013 Irrigation Fertilization	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作施肥 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from1960 to 2020 Fertilization	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作施肥 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from1960 to 2020 Fertilization	1960-2020：小麦-燕麦轮作施肥 Triticum aestivum-Avena sativa rotation from1960 to 2020 Fertilization	1960-2017：小麦 2017-2020：苜蓿灌溉施肥 Triticum aestivum planting from 1960 to 2017, Medicago sativa planting after 2017 Irrigation Fertilization
灌木林地 Shrubland	土地利用历史 Land use history	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	开垦43年后退耕造林17年 Afforestation for 17 years following a 43-year cultivation	开垦42年后退耕造林18年 Afforestation for 18 years following a 42-year cultivation
	林下草地优势种 Understory dominant species	黄蒿Artemisia scoparia 披碱草Elymus dahuricus 糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa	大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana 黄蒿Artemisia scoparia	糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa 黄蒿Artemisia scoparia 无芒雀麦Bromus inermis	羊草Leymus chinensis 黄蒿Artemisia scoparia	羊草Leymus chinensis 阿尔泰狗娃花Heteropappus altaicus
	管理方式 Management	刈割 Mowing	刈割 Mowing	放牧 Grazing	刈割 Mowing	放牧 Grazing

表1

表2

图1

图2

图3

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图5

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变量 Variable	全氮 Total nitrogen, TN		全磷 Total phosphorus, TP		铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen		硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen		速效磷 Available phosphorus		铵态氮/全氮 Ammonium nitrogen/TN		硝态氮/全氮 Nitrate nitrogen/TN		速效磷/全磷 Available phosphorus/TP
变量 Variable	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.	F	Sig.
用地类型 Land-use type	53.512	***	48.436	***	10.335	***	71.255	***	71.747	***	11.716	***	58.027	***	53.167	***
土层Soil layer	125.073	***	24.866	***	7.442	***	16.498	***	30.032	***	31.246	***	2.522	*	8.489	***
样点Site	104.697	***	28.8	***	9.841	***	0.537	NS	25.589	***	47.637	***	14.011	***	17.217	***
用地类型×土层 Land-use type× Soil layer	6.012	***	1.006	NS	1.694	0.07	2.433	***	9.551	***	5.014	***	0.671	NS	8.007	***
用地类型×样点 Land-use type×Site	2.048	*	4.1	***	15.657	***	2.479	***	6.983	***	18.487	***	6.343	***	7.098	***
土层×样点 Soil layer×Site	3.923	***	1.993	*	1.174	0.292	1.322	NS	2.156	**	3.999	***	1.248	NS	1.062	NS
用地类型×土层×样点 Land-use type× Soil layer×Site	1.414	*	0.709	NS	0.989	0.501	1.618	*	1.072	NS	2.197	***	1.966	**	0.968	NS

连续耕种和退耕造林对典型草原氮、磷养分的影响

Effects of Continuous Cultivation and Cropland Afforestation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients in Typical Steppe

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