行距配置对间作玉米冠层特性及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 玉米大豆4﹕6间作模式作为黄淮海地区主推种植模式，存在间作玉米中间行行间郁闭、通风透光差、结实不良等问题。通过优化行距配置，探索改善间作玉米群体冠层结构、提高间作系统产量的有效途径，为玉米大豆带状复合种植技术在黄淮海地区的推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】 于2023—2024年，以有限生长型大豆品种菏豆22与紧凑密植型玉米品种立原296为供试材料，在玉米大豆4﹕6间作模式下，设置间作玉米等行距60 cm（ER）与宽窄行40 cm+70 cm+40 cm（WNR1）、40 cm+80 cm+40 cm（WNR2）、40 cm+90 cm+40 cm（WNR3）、40 cm+100 cm+40 cm（WNR4）5种行距配置处理，研究间作玉米行距配置对间作系统产量，间作玉米干物质积累、植株性状、冠层特性的影响。【结果】 玉米大豆4﹕6间作模式下，间作玉米宽窄行种植显著提升间作玉米产量，WNR3处理2年平均较ER增产6.68%，花后干物质积累量增加10.49%。产量提升主要源于中间行穗粒数（增加8.24%—9.95%）和千粒重（增加2.66%—3.04%）的提高；宽窄行种植缓解了中间行“避阴反应”，WNR3处理下中间行玉米株高与边行差异缩小2.3%，茎粗增加5.7%，叶片衰老延缓，抽雄后穗位叶SPAD值较ER处理提高1.95%—14.95%。随着中间行行距的增大，冠层透光率、单株叶面积呈上升趋势，WNR3处理中间行底层透光率提升29.11%，穗位层透光率提升25.44%，但在WNR3与WNR4处理间差异不显著。尽管WNR4处理的冠层通风透光条件得到进一步改善，但间作玉米群体的光能截获率显著降低，导致花后光合产物积累与籽粒产量降低。【结论】 玉米大豆4﹕6间作模式下，采用40 cm+90 cm+40 cm宽窄行配置可显著改善玉米冠层结构，增强光合性能，提高花后干物质积累与籽粒产量，是黄淮海地区优化间作系统产量的有效途径。

关键词: 玉米大豆带状复合种植, 行距配置优化, 冠层特性, 植株性状, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The 4:6 maize-soybean intercropping model, widely promoted in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, has issues such as poor ventilation and light penetration, and poor grain setting in the middle rows of intercropping maize. Therefore, this study explored optimizing row spacing configurations to improve the canopy structure of intercropping maize populations and enhance the yield of intercropping systems, for providing a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of maize-soybean strip intercropping in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Method】 From 2023 to 2024, soybean variety HeDou 22 and maize variety Liyuan 296 were used as test materials. Under the maize-soybean 4:6 planting pattern, five row spacing configurations were set: equal row spacing of 60 cm (ER) and narrow-wide row spacing of 40 cm+70 cm+40 cm (WNR1), 40 cm+80 cm+40 cm (WNR2), 40 cm+90 cm+40 cm (WNR3), and 40 cm+100 cm+40 cm (WNR4) to study the impacts of row spacing configurations on the yield, accumulation of dry matter, plant traits, and canopy characteristics of intercropping maize. 【Result】 Under the maize-soybean 4:6 intercropping pattern, the wide-narrow row planting of intercropping maize significantly increased its yield. The WNR3 treatment showed an average yield increase of 6.68% compared with ER over two years, with a 10.49% increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. The yield improvement primarily stemmed from increased kernel number per ear (8.24%-9.95%) and 1 000-grain weight (2.66%-3.04%) in the middle rows. Compared with ER treatment, the wide-narrow row planting alleviated the "shade avoidance response" in the middle rows. Under the WNR3 treatment, the height difference between middle-row and border-row maize plants narrowed by 2.3%, stem diameter increased by 5.7%, leaf senescence was delayed, and the SPAD value of ear-leaf at the silking stage improved by 1.95%-14.95%. As the row spacing of middle rows increased, canopy light transmittance and single-plant leaf area exhibited an upward trend. The WNR3 treatment improved bottom-layer light transmittance by 29.11% and ear-layer light transmittance by 25.44% in the middle rows. However, no significant difference was observed between WNR3 and WNR4 treatments. Although the WNR4 treatment further enhanced canopy ventilation and light conditions, the light interception rate of the intercropping maize population significantly decreased, leading to reduced post-anthesis photosynthetic product accumulation and grain yield. 【Conclusion】 Under the intercropping mode of maize and soybean 4:6, the configuration of 40 cm+90 cm+40 cm wide and narrow rows could significantly improve the crown structure of maize, enhance photosynthetic performance, increase post-flower dry matter accumulation and grain yield, which was an effective way to optimize the yield of intercropping system in Huanghuaihai region.

Key words: maize-soybean strip intercropping, row spacing configuration optimization, canopy characteristics, plant traits, yield

石德杨, 高春华, 李艳红, 赵海军, 夏德君. 行距配置对间作玉米冠层特性及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(23): 4872-4885.

SHI DeYang, GAO ChunHua, LI YanHong, ZHAO HaiJun, XIA DeJun. Effects of Row Spacing Configuration on the Canopy Characteristics and Grain Yield of the Intercropping Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4872-4885.

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处理 Treatment		占地比例 Crop land ratio (%)	小区面积 Plot area (m²)	种植密度 Crop density (plants/hm²)
ER	玉米 Maize	48.08	150	64102
ER	大豆Soybean	51.92	162	144230
WNR1	玉米 Maize	44.90	132	68019
WNR1	大豆Soybean	55.10	162	153061
WNR2	玉米 Maize	46.00	138	66667
WNR2	大豆Soybean	54.00	162	150000
WNR3	玉米 Maize	47.06	144	65358
WNR3	大豆Soybean	52.94	162	147058
WNR4	玉米 Maize	48.08	150	64102
WNR4	大豆Soybean	51.92	162	144230

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	中间行 Middle row			边行 Border row
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 Ear number (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗数 Ear number (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2023	ER	8109.7d	23530.0d	380.0c	352.4d	33439.0b	409.0a	362.6a
	WNR1	8449.0c	24688.3a	382.0c	354.4c	34488.3a	408.7a	362.3a
	WNR2	8551.9b	24469.7ab	394.7b	360.5b	34174.3a	409.3a	362.5a
	WNR3	8644.0a	24105.0bc	411.3a	363.1a	34059.7a	408.7a	362.4a
	WNR4	8564.3ab	23825.7cd	410.7a	363.0a	33920.0ab	408.0a	362.2a
2024	ER	7652.5d	23629.3b	372.0c	346.0b	33696.3c	384.7a	355.8a
	WNR1	7951.2c	24745.0a	373.3c	347.7b	34751.0a	383.3a	355.8a
	WNR2	8063.1b	24613.7a	386.7b	353.6a	34308.7b	384.7a	356.0a
	WNR3	8170.9a	24120.7b	408.7a	355.1a	34059.7bc	385.3a	355.9a
	WNR4	8062.9b	23974.3b	409.0a	355.2a	33746.3c	385.7a	355.4a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at silking (kg·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at maturity (kg·hm^-2)	吐丝后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after silking (kg·hm^-2)	吐丝后干物质转运量 Transfer amount of dry matter (kg·hm^-2)	吐丝后干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率 Contribution to grain of dry matter transportation (%)
2023	ER	7498.6d	14893.0d	7394.4c	715.4a	8.81a
	WNR1	7763.2a	15560.2c	7797.0b	652.0ab	7.71ab
	WNR2	7902.2b	15804.0b	7901.9b	650.0ab	7.58ab
	WNR3	8187.4a	16305.7a	8118.3a	525.7ab	6.07b
	WNR4	7846.2bc	15927.6b	8081.4a	483.0b	5.63b
2024	ER	7461.4c	14423.1c	6961.6c	690.9a	8.97a
	WNR1	7656.8ab	15124.9b	7468.1b	483.1b	6.06b
	WNR2	7712.2a	15304.2ab	7592.0ab	471.2b	5.79b
	WNR3	7743.1a	15488.6a	7745.4a	425.5b	5.17c
	WNR4	7562.2bc	15150.8b	7588.7ab	474.2b	5.84b