功能农业的概念、内容及研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业是人类食品原料的来源和生存发展的基础。现代农业在满足人们吃饱的同时，也因不合理膳食导致高血脂、高血压和高血糖等食源性疾病。2014年，FAO和WTO联合召开“第二届国际营养大会”后，以满足人们对营养健康需求为目的的功能农业研究在国内外迅速开展，我国政府先后颁布了《国民营养计划（2017—2030年）》《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》等指导性文件。本文系统梳理了国内外功能农业的提出背景，论述了以主粮作物功能化为重点的国内外功能农业研究进展，归纳整理了功能农业的重要研究内容，包括种质资源功能成分挖掘、功能性新品种选育、农艺强化措施和健康食品研发及推广。在此基础上，根据2025年2月农业农村部、国家卫生健康委、工业和信息化部提出的《中国食物与营养发展纲要（2025—2030年）》的要求，提出强化政府顶层设计、设立主粮功能化重大专项、加快标准体系建设和完善品种知识产权保护4项建议，以期为落实我国提出的大农业和大谷物战略，保障国民营养健康提供理论支撑和实践路径。本文对构建具有中国特色的功能农业产业体系具有一定的参考价值。

关键词: 功能农业, 主食功能化, 进展, 育种, 健康

Abstract:

Agriculture is the source of human food ingredients and the foundation for survival and development. Modern agriculture meets the demand for sufficient food, it has also led to diet-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia due to unbalanced diets. After the “Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2)” jointly held by the FAO and WTO in 2014, functional agriculture research aimed at meeting people’s nutritional and health needs rapidly developed both domestically and internationally, China has issued guiding documents such as the “National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030)” and the “Healthy China 2030” planning outline. This paper systematically reviews the background of functional agriculture emergence and focuses on the functionalization of staple crops to discuss the research progress in functional agriculture of the world. It also summarizes the key research areas of functional agriculture, including exploration of functional components in germplasm resources, breeding of new functional varieties, agronomic enhancement measures, and development and promotion of health foods. On this basis, in accordance with the requirements of the “China Food and Nutrition Development Outline (2025-2030)” proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Health Commission, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in February 2025, four suggestions are put forward: Strengthening top-level government design, establishing major projects for staple crop functionalization, accelerating the construction of standard systems, and improving intellectual property protection for varieties. These suggestions aim to provide theoretical support and practical paths for implementing China large-scale agriculture and grain strategy and ensuring national nutrition and health. This paper offers valuable insights for establishing a functional agricultural industry system with Chinese characteristics.

Key words: functional agriculture, functionalization of staple crops, progress, breeding, health

刘金栋, 王雅美, 王一村, 于海霞, 田纪春. 功能农业的概念、内容及研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(23): 4813-4824.

LIU JinDong, WANG YaMei, WANG YiCun, YU HaiXia, TIAN JiChun. The Concept, Content and Research Progress of Functional Agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4813-4824.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.001

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I23/4813

图/表 1

表1

当前市场上主要存在的功能性主粮作物产品及其特性"

产品名称Product name	核心功能成分Functional components	功能作用Functional effects	技术/来源Technology/sources
高膳食纤维小麦 High dietary fiber wheat	阿拉伯木聚糖、β-葡聚糖 Arabinoxylan, beta-glucan	调节肠道菌群、降血糖 Regulate intestinal flora, lower blood glucose	麸皮富集/品种改良 Bran enrichment/breeding improvement
高叶酸小麦 High folic acid wheat	5-甲基四氢叶酸（活性叶酸） 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (active folate)	预防新生儿神经管缺陷 Prevent neural tube defects in neonates	生物强化育种 Biofortification breeding
富硒小麦 High selenium wheat	硒代蛋氨酸、硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸Selenium methionine, selenomethionine	抗氧化（GPx酶激活）、增强免疫 Antioxidant (GPx enzyme activation), enhance immunity	硒肥喷施/土壤富集 Selenium fertilizer spraying/soil enrichment
黑小麦（紫粒） Black wheat (purple grain)	花青素（矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷） Anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside)	抗炎、保护心血管 Anti-inflammatory, protect cardiovascular health	黑麦杂交种质 Rye hybrid germplasm
高锌小麦 High zinc wheat	锌离子结合蛋白 Zinc ion binding protein	促进儿童生长发育 Promote children growth and development	营养强化育种 Nutritional strengthening breeding
低麸质小麦 Low gluten wheat	α-醇溶蛋白缺失体 α-gliadin deletion	减少乳糜泻患者免疫反应 Reduce celiac patients’ immune response	基因编辑 Gene editing
高抗性淀粉小麦 High resistant starch wheat	RS3型抗性淀粉 RS3-type resistant starch	调节血糖、增殖益生菌 Regulate blood sugar, promote probiotics	淀粉结构改性 Starch structure modification
发芽小麦苗 Germinated wheat grass powder	叶绿素、麦绿素 Chlorophyll, wheatgrass	解毒（诱导Ⅱ相酶）、抗氧化 Detoxification (induce phase Ⅱ enzymes), antioxidant	水培发芽工艺 Hydroponic germination technology
小麦胚芽油 Wheat germ oil	二十八烷醇、维生素E（生育三烯酚） Ceryl alcohol, vitamin E (tocopherol)	抗疲劳、降胆固醇 Anti-fatigue, lower cholesterol	低温压榨提取 Cold press extraction
阿拉伯木聚糖提取物 Arabinoxylan extract	水溶性AX（分子量5—60 kDa） Water-soluble AX (molecular weight 5-60 kDa)	激活肠道免疫（TLR2受体） Activate intestinal immunity (TLR2 receptor)	酶解麸皮提取 Enzymatic bran extraction
小麦肽 Wheat peptides	谷氨酰胺肽（<1 kDa） Glutamine peptides (<1 kDa)	修复肠道黏膜、缓解肠漏 Repair intestinal mucosa, alleviate leaky gut	蛋白酶水解 Proteinase hydrolysis
高黄酮小麦 High flavonoid wheat	小麦黄酮 Wheat flavonoid	抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖 Inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation	特异种质资源筛选 Specific germplasm selection
低FODMAP小麦粉 Low FODMAP wheat flour	低果聚糖/半乳聚糖 Low fructan/galactan	改善肠易激综合征 Improve irritable bowel syndrome	发酵降解脱除 Fermentation degradation removal
高γ-氨基丁酸小麦 High GABA wheat	GABA（γ-氨基丁酸） GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)	镇静神经、降血压 Sedate nerves, lower blood pressure	发芽/厌氧胁迫诱导 Germination/aerobic stress induction
小麦麸皮多酚 Wheat bran polyphenols	阿魏酸、香豆酸 Ferulic acid, coumaric acid	清除自由基、抗糖基化 Scavenge free radicals, anti-glycation	碱提酸沉法提取 Alkali extraction/acid precipitation
全麦β-葡聚糖 Whole grain beta-glucan	β-(1-3 1-4)-D-葡聚糖 Beta-(1-3 1-4)-D-glucan	降低血清LDL胆固醇 Lower serum LDL cholesterol	基因编辑（LcyE过表达） Gene editing (LcyE gene overexpression)
麦角硫因小麦 Ergothioneine wheat	麦角硫因 Ergothioneine	线粒体保护、抗细胞凋亡 Mitochondrial protection, anti-apoptosis	内生真菌共生强化 Endophytic fungal symbiosis
低致敏性小麦蛋白 Low allergenic wheat protein	修饰醇溶蛋白（脱酰胺） Modified gliadin (deamidated)	降低IgE介导的过敏反应 Reduce IgE-mediated allergic reactions	酶法/化学改性 Enzymatic/chemical modification
紫米/黑米 Purple rice/black rice	花青素（芍药素-3-葡萄糖苷） Anthocyanin (paeoniflorin-3-glucoside)	抗DNA氧化损伤、护眼 Antioxidant DNA damage, eye protection	古老地方品种 Ancient landrace
红米 Red rice	原花青素B2、单宁酸 Proanthocyanidin B2, tannic acid	抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性（降糖） Inhibit α-glucosidase activity (lower blood sugar)	红稻 Red rice
富硒大米 High selenium rice	硒代胱氨酸、硒多糖 Selenium cysteine, selenium polysaccharide	激活谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 Activate glutathione peroxidase	叶面硒肥喷施 Foliar selenium fertilizer spraying
高GABA发芽糙米 High GABA germinated brown rice	GABA（γ-氨基丁酸） GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)	缓解焦虑、改善睡眠 Alleviate anxiety, improve sleep	厌氧萌发工艺 Anaerobic germination technology
抗性淀粉大米 Resistant starch rice	RS2/RS3型抗性淀粉 RS2/RS3-type resistant starch	结肠发酵产丁酸（抗癌） Colon fermentation produces butyrate (anti-cancer)	淀粉分支酶缺陷突变体 Starch branching enzyme deficient mutant
低糖大米 Low sugar rice	低直链淀粉（<15%） Low amylose (<15%)	延缓餐后血糖上升 Delay postprandial blood sugar rise	蜡质基因沉默 Waxy genesilencing
高锌大米 High zinc rice	植酸锌复合物 Phytate-zinc complex	改善儿童缺锌性贫血 Improve children's zinc-deficiency anemia	锌生物强化育种 Zinc biofortification breeding
米糠油 Rice bran oil	γ-谷维素、角鲨烯 Gamma-oryzanol, squalene	降低胆固醇合成 Lower cholesterol synthesis	米糠稳定化压榨 Rice bran stabilization pressing
米糠蛋白肽 Rice bran protein peptides	米糠源ACE抑制肽（IC50<0.5 mg·mL^-1） Rice bran ACE inhibitory peptides (IC50< 0.5 mg·mL^-1)	降血压（抑制血管紧张素转换酶） Lower blood pressure (inhibit ACE)	酶解提取 Enzymatic extraction
红曲米 Red rice	莫纳可林K（天然他汀） Monacolin K (natural statin)	调脂（竞争性抑制HMG-CoA还原酶） Lipid regulation (competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase)	红曲霉固态发酵 Solid-state fermentation with Monascus
高铁大米（黄金大米） High iron rice (golden rice)	铁蛋白-植酸酶复合体 Ferritin-phytase complex	提高铁生物利用率 Improve iron bioavailability	Ferritin+Phytase基因 Ferritin+Phytase genes
高维生素B1大米 High vitamin B1 rice	硫胺素（维生素B1） Thiamine (vitamin B1)	预防脚气病、神经炎 Prevent beriberi, neuritis	胚芽富集工艺 Germ enrichment technology
高支链淀粉大米 High amylopectin rice	支链淀粉（>85%） Amylopectin (>85%)	改善消化功能（易糊化） Improve digestive function (easily gelatinized)	糯稻品种（如粳糯） Glutinous rice varieties (e.g. japonica glutinous)
发芽玄米茶 Germinated brown rice tea	阿魏酰基甘油 Feruloyl glycolipids	保护肝细胞免受CCl4损伤 Protect liver cells from CCl4 damage	蒸青发酵工艺 Steam green and fermentation process
稻壳硅提取物 Rice hull silicon extract	无定形二氧化硅 Amorphous silicon dioxide	增强骨密度、促进胶原合成 Enhance bone density, promote collagen synthesis	稻壳高温煅烧提取 High-temperature calcination of rice hulls
水稻胚芽凝集素 Rice germ agglutinin	水稻凝集素（Oryza sativa agglutinin） Rice lectin (Oryza sativa agglutinin)	抑制HIV病毒进入细胞 Inhibit HIV virus entry into cells	胚芽分离纯化 Germ separation and purification
米糠多糖 Rice bran polysaccharides	阿拉伯木聚糖-葡聚糖复合体 Arabinoxylan-glucan complex	激活巨噬细胞 Activate macrophages	热水提取+醇沉 Hot water extraction+alcohol precipitation
紫玉米 Purple corn	花翠素-3-葡萄糖苷 Puerarin-3-glucoside	抑制COX-2炎症通路 Inhibit COX-2 inflammatory pathway	安第斯土著品种 Andean indigenous varieties
蓝玉米 Blue corn	飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷Delphinidin-3-glucoside	提升大脑BDNF水平（抗抑郁） Enhance brain BDNF levels (anti- depression)	墨西哥高原种质 Mexican highland germplasm
高叶黄素玉米 High lutein corn	叶黄素（>15 μg·g^-1）、玉米黄质 Lutein (>15 μg·g^-1), zeaxanthin	过滤蓝光（预防黄斑变性） Filter blue light (prevent macular degeneration)	胚乳细胞壁富集 Endosperm cell wall enrichment
高花青素甜玉米 High anthocyanin sweet corn	天竺葵素-3-葡糖苷Pelargonidin-3-glucoside	抑制MMP-9酶（抗皮肤光老化） Inhibit MMP-9 enzyme (anti-photoaging)	杂交选育（P1/r1基因） Hybrid breeding (P1/r1 genes)
高油酸玉米油 High oleic corn oil	油酸（>75%）、植物甾醇 Oleic acid (>75%), phytosterols	降低LDL氧化敏感性 Lower LDL oxidative sensitivity	高油酸突变体 High oleic acid mutant
富硒玉米 High selenium corn	硒代蛋氨酸、硒化多糖 Selenium methionine, selenized polysaccharides	减轻重金属镉毒性 Alleviate heavy metal cadmium toxicity	硒生物纳米肥施用 Selenium bio-nano fertilizer
抗性淀粉玉米粉 Resistant starch corn flour	RS4型磷酸交联淀粉 RS4-type phosphate cross-linked starch	促进短链脂肪酸生成 Promote short-chain fatty acids production	化学交联改性 Chemical cross-linking modification
玉米须茶 Corn silk tea	黄酮苷（芒果苷、异荭草苷） Flavonoid glycosides (mangiferin isoorientin)	利尿消肿、抑制肾草酸钙结石 Diuretic swell reduction, inhibit kidney oxalate stones	玉米须干燥提取 Corn silk dry extract
玉米肽 Corn peptides	玉米谷氨酸肽（<500 Da） Corn glutamic acid peptides (<500 Da)	解酒护肝（加速乙醇代谢） Detoxify liver (accelerate ethanol metabolism)	微生物发酵水解 Microbial fermentation hydrolysis
高直链淀粉玉米 High amylose corn	直链淀粉（>50%） Amylose (>50%)	形成抗消化淀粉Ⅲ（降血糖） Form resistant starch Ⅲ (lower blood sugar)	ae基因突变体 ae gene mutant
玉米胚芽蛋白粉 Corn germ protein powder	玉米溶菌酶、核糖体失活蛋白 Corn lysozyme, ribosome inactivating protein	抑制革兰氏阳性菌 Inhibit gram-positive bacteria	低温脱脂提取 Cold extraction of oil
玉米黄素提取物 Corn xanthophyll extract	玉米黄质 Zeaxanthin	视网膜黄斑区核心色素 Core pigment of retinal macula	湿磨工艺分离 Wet milling separation
高GABA玉米粉 High GABA corn flour	γ-氨基丁酸（>100 mg/100 g） GABA (>100 mg/100 g)	调节自主神经平衡 Regulate autonomic nervous system balance	乳酸菌发酵诱导 Lactobacillus fermentation induction
玉米阿拉伯木聚糖 Corn arabinoxylan	支链阿拉伯木聚糖（分子量>100 kDa） Branched arabinoxylan (molecular weight> 100 kDa)	免疫佐剂（增强疫苗效力） Immunopotentiator (enhance vaccine efficacy)	碱提法从麸皮提取 Alkali extraction from bran
低植酸玉米 Low phytic acid corn	植酸酶激活态矿物质（Fe/Zn） Phytase-activated minerals (Fe/Zn)	提升矿物质生物利用率 Improve mineral bioavailability	lpa1/lpa2突变基因 lpa1/lpa2 mutant genes
玉米赤霉烯酮降解品 Corn ZEN degrader	ZEN水解酶 ZEN hydrolase	消除霉菌毒素毒性 Eliminate mycotoxin toxicity	过表达微生物酶 Overexpressed microbial enzymes

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