冬油菜主产区近40年土壤基本理化性质变化特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究近40年长江流域冬油菜主产区土壤基本理化性质的变化，明确冬油菜种植区耕地土壤综合肥力变化特征，以期为长江流域中低产田保育和土壤肥力改良提供科学依据。【方法】通过收集整理近40年国内外公开发表的文献及硕士、博士论文数据，分析长江流域冬油菜种植区土壤基础性质的时序变化特征，评估土壤综合肥力变化及其与土壤基础理化性质的相关性。【结果】1981—1990年长江流域冬油菜主产区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH均值分别为18.54 g·kg^-1、1.16 g·kg^-1、8.60 mg·kg^-1、42.90 mg·kg^-1和6.26，2016—2020年这些指标的均值分别为25.60 g·kg^-1、1.41 g·kg^-1、18.66 mg·kg^-1、108.98 mg·kg^-1和6.31，40年来长江流域冬油菜区土壤基础理化性质得到很大程度的改善。其中土壤有机质、全氮年均增幅分别为1.2%和0.7%，土壤有效磷、速效钾含量年均增幅达3.0%和4.0%，土壤pH则在近40年内保持稳定（不同时段平均值范围6.21—6.45）。基于改进的内梅罗指数法评估表明，IFI（土壤综合肥力指数）值逐年上升，其中2001—2020年IFI均值较1981—2000年显著提高14.8%—30.4%。土壤有机质、pH、全氮、有效磷、速效钾与IFI呈极显著正相关性，通径分析表明土壤速效钾是影响冬油菜区IFI最大的指标，其次是土壤全氮和有效磷。【结论】近40年来长江流域冬油菜主产区的土壤基础理化性质和综合肥力显著提高。发展油菜种植有利于提高长江流域农田土壤生产力，是长江流域中低产田地力提升的有效途径。

关键词: 长江流域, 冬油菜, 有机质, 速效钾, 土壤综合肥力指数, 时序变化特征

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in basic physical and chemical properties of soils in the main winter oilseed rape producing areas in the Yangtze River Basin over the past 40 years, and to clarify the characteristics of changes in comprehensive soil fertility of arable land in winter rape growing areas, in order to provide a scientific basis for conservation and soil fertility improvement in low and middle yielding fields in the Yangtze River Basin.【Method】By collecting and organizing the data from published literatures, master’s and doctoral dissertations at home and abroad in the past 40 years, the temporal variation characteristics of basic soil properties in winter oilseed rape growing areas in the Yangtze River Basin were analyzed. Then the variation characteristics of integrated soil fertility (IFI) and its correlation with basic soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated. 【Result】The average values of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and pH in the main winter oilseed rape producing areas of the Yangtze River Basin were 18.54 g·kg^-1, 1.16 mg·kg^-1, 8.60 mg·kg^-1, 42.90 mg·kg^-1, and 6.26 during the period of 1981-1990, respectively, but enhanced to 25.60 g·kg^-1, 1.41 mg·kg^-1, 18.66 mg·kg^-1, 108.98 mg·kg^-1, and 6.31 by 2016-2020, respectively. Clearly, the soil basic physical and chemical properties have been improved extensively in planting area of winter oilseed rape in the Yangtze River Basin. The average annual increase rate was 1.2% in soil organic matter and 0.7% in soil total nitrogen. Soil available phosphorus and available potassium were enhanced by 3.0% and 4.0% per year, respectively. Soil pH remained stable in the past 40 years, with the mean range of 6.21-6.45 among different periods. Based on the improved Nemerow index method, soil IFI value was also found enhanced in the past four decades. Compared with the mean IFI in the period of 1981-2000, the value was significantly increased by 14.8%-30.4% during the period of 2001-2020. The IFI was positively correlated with soil organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Path analysis showed that soil available potassium was the most important index affecting IFI, followed by soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus. 【Conclusion】The basic physical and chemical properties and comprehensive fertility of the soil was significantly improved in the past 40 years in the planting area of winter oilseed rape. Developing the planting area of oilseed rape would be benefit for soil fertility and productivity improvement in the Yangtze River Basin, especially for the farmland with low yield productivity.

Key words: Yangtze River Basin, winter oilseed rape, soil organic matter, soil available potassium, soil comprehensive fertility index, temporal variation characteristics

霍润霞, 张哲, 李雯萍, 张洋洋, 廖世鹏, 任涛, 李小坤, 陆志峰, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍. 冬油菜主产区近40年土壤基本理化性质变化特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(23): 4696-4705.

HUO RunXia, ZHANG Zhe, LI WenPing, ZHANG YangYang, LIAO ShiPeng, REN Tao, LI XiaoKun, LU ZhiFeng, CONG RiHuan, LU JianWei. 40 Years’ Change Characteristics of Soil Basic Properties in the Main Planting Area of Winter Oilseed Rape[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(23): 4696-4705.

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时间 Time	省市（样本数) Province and city (sample size)
1981-1990	湖北Hubei (8), 湖南Hunan (4), 江西Jiangxi (4), 安徽Anhui (1), 江苏Jiangsu (38), 浙江Zhejiang (5)
1991-2000	云南Yunnan (4), 贵州Guizhou (4), 四川Sichuan (2), 重庆Chongqing (2), 湖北Hubei (18), 河南Henan (3), 湖南Hunan (2), 江西Jiangxi (4), 安徽Anhui (4), 江苏Jiangsu (5), 浙江Zhejiang (13)
2001-2010	贵州Guizhou (10), 四川Sichuan (3), 重庆Chongqing (2), 湖北Hubei (58), 湖南Hunan (9), 江西Jiangxi (14), 安徽Anhui (14), 江苏Jiangsu (21), 浙江Zhejiang (11)
2011-2015	云南Yunnan (1), 贵州Guizhou (6), 四川Sichuan (7), 湖北Hubei (54), 湖南Hunan (17), 江西Jiangxi (8), 安徽Anhui (7), 江苏Jiangsu (1)
2016-2020	云南Yunnan (4), 贵州Guizhou (4), 四川Sichuan (7), 重庆Chongqing (6), 湖北Hubei (82), 湖南Hunan (9), 江西Jiangxi (22), 安徽Anhui (14), 江苏Jiangsu (4), 浙江Zhejiang (6)

指标 Index	等级 Grade
指标 Index	x_a	x_b	x_c
pH	4.50	6.50	8.50
有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	10.00	20.00	30.00
全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	0.75	1.50	2.00
有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	3.00	10.00	20.00
速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	40.00	100.00	150.00

土壤性质 Soil property	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	通径系数 Direct path coefficient
pH	0.201*	0.236*
有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	0.320**	0.266*
全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	0.398**	0.541**
有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	0.504**	0.356**
速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	0.475**	0.688**