玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候对大豆花形态建成进程的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (13): 2746-2758.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.13.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候对大豆花形态建成进程的影响

杜青¹(),陈平¹,刘姗姗¹,罗凯¹,郑本川¹,杨欢¹,何舜²,杨文钰¹(),雍太文¹()

¹四川农业大学农学院/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心,成都 611130
²四川省成都市种子管理站/四川省成都市农产品质量安全中心,成都 610072

收稿日期:2020-09-08 修回日期:2020-10-30 出版日期:2021-07-01 发布日期:2021-07-12
通讯作者: 杨文钰,雍太文
作者简介:杜青,E-mail： 1391731793@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家现代农业(大豆)产业技术体系专项(CARS-04-03A);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0201006)

Effect of Field Microclimate on the Difference of Soybean Flower Morphology Under Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System

DU Qing¹(),CHEN Ping¹,LIU ShanShan¹,LUO Kai¹,ZHENG BenChuan¹,YANG Huan¹,HE Shun²,YANG WenYu¹(),YONG TaiWen¹()

¹College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture/Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130
²Sichuan Chengdu Seed Management Station/Sichuan Chengdu Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, Chengdu 610072

Received:2020-09-08 Revised:2020-10-30 Online:2021-07-01 Published:2021-07-12
Contact: WenYu YANG,TaiWen YONG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候的变化对大豆花芽分化进程的影响,以期为明确大豆对生长环境变化的反应机理提供形态学依据。【方法】于2018—2019年开展田间试验,采用二因素裂区设计,主因素是不同大豆品种：南豆25（ND）、桂夏3号（GX）和贡秋豆8号（GQ）,副因素为种植模式：大豆单作（SS）、玉米-大豆套作（RI）和玉米-大豆间作（SI）。于2018年,在大豆出苗后40、47、54和61 d对其主茎顶端的花芽进行连续性的形态学解剖观察,并在此基础上于2019年进一步对大豆出苗后54 d的主茎顶端、中部和底部的花芽进行分部位观察。同时在2019年,统计分析不同种植模式下大豆冠层透光率、田间温度、相对湿度以及CO₂浓度等小气候的变化对大豆不同部位花芽分化进程的影响。【结果】2018年,3个大豆品种的花芽分化规律表现为GQ要快于ND和GX。在出苗后47 d和61 d,此时大豆处于营养生长后期和生殖生长前期,不同种植模式间的差异最大,表现为间套作的花芽分化进程要稍快于单作。2019年,对大豆营养生长到生殖生长转变的关键时期（出苗后54 d）的花芽分化进程进行分层观察发现,3个大豆品种均表现为冠层>中部>底部,但是在不同模式下的表现不一致,ND和GX在SS模式下的花芽分化进程要慢于RI和SI模式,GQ的花芽分化在3个种植模式之间的差异并不显著。ND、GX和GQ的透光率在出苗后60 d为1个拐点,此时RI和SI模式冠层的透光率与SS模式相比无显著差异,中部和底部的透光率虽呈下降趋势,但都要显著高于SS模式。而在出苗后70 d,ND、GX和GQ在SI模式的冠层透光率最低,分别是82.1%、88.2%和86.8%,而此时的SS和RI模式的冠层透光率均接近100%。在生殖生长后期,ND、GX和GQ在RI和SI模式的日均温度均要高于SS模式,同时RI模式要高于SI模式。不同种植模式下的ND、GX和GQ的相对湿度均在出苗后70 d有一个显著下降趋势,其中RI模式的相对湿度最低,分别是73.5%、75.4%和78.2%。ND、GX和GQ的CO₂浓度在RI和SI模式下都要低于SS模式,在间套作种植中下又以RI模式的CO₂浓度最低,尤其是在出苗后70 d分别比SS模式低10.3%、10.2%和10.9%。【结论】玉米-大豆间套作种植可以促进大豆花芽从营养生长到生殖生长的转变。在大豆生育后期,间套作模式下尤其是套作玉米收获后,套作大豆的中下层的透光率显著高于单作,行间温度、相对湿度和CO₂浓度均低于单作,这种带状间套作种植模式的大豆行间微环境优于单作,有利于大豆生殖生长后期荚果的发育,为间套作大豆产量形成机制提供了形态学依据。

关键词: 间套作, 大豆, 田间小气候, 花芽分化

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of field microclimate change on the process of soybean flower bud differentiation under maize-soybean intercropping system, so as to provide a morphological basis for clarifying the response mechanism of soybean to the change of growth environment. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out from 2018 to 2019. The two-factor split zone experiment was set. The primary factors were different soybean varieties: Nandou 25 (ND), Guixia 3 (GX), and Gongqiudou 8 (GQ), and the secondary factors were soybean monoculture (SS), maize-soybean relay intercropping system (RI), and maize-soybean strip intercropping system (SI). In 2018, the continuous morphological anatomy of the flower buds at the top of the main stem of soybean was observed at 40, 47, 54 and 61 days (d) after emergence, respectively. On this basis, the flower buds at the top, middle and bottom of the main stem of soybean were further observed at 54 d after emergence in 2019. At the same time, in 2019, the effects of microclimate changes such as light transmittance, field temperature, relative humidity and CO₂ concentration on flower bud differentiation in different parts of soybean under different planting patterns were statistically analyzed.【Result】In 2018, the flower bud differentiation of three soybean varieties showed that GQ was faster than ND and GX. At 47 and 61 d after emergence, soybean was in the late stage of vegetative growth and early stage of reproductive growth, and the biggest difference among different planting patterns was that the process of flower bud differentiation under intercropping system was slightly faster than that under monoculture. In 2019, the flower bud differentiation process of soybean in the critical period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth (54 d after emergence) was observed. It was found that the three soybean varieties all showed canopy > middle > bottom, but the performance was different in different planting systems. The flower bud differentiation process of SS in ND and GX was slower than that of RI and SI. The flower bud differentiation processes of GQ were no significant difference among the three planting systems. The light transmittance of ND, GX and GQ was an inflection point at 60 d after emergence, and the canopy light transmittance of RI and SI was not significantly different from that of SS. Although the light transmittance of the central and bottom showed a downward trend, it was significantly higher than that of SS. At 70 d after emergence, the canopy light transmittance of ND, GX and GQ of SI was the lowest, which was 82.1%, 88.2% and 86.8%, respectively, while the canopy transmittance of SS and RI was close to 100%. In the later stage of reproductive growth, the daily average temperature of ND, GX and GQ in RI and SI was higher than that of SS, and which of RI was higher than that of SI. The relative humidity of ND, GX and GQ under different planting systems all had a significant downward trend at 70 d after emergence, among which the relative humidity of RI was the lowest, which was 73.5%, 75.4% and 78.2%, respectively. The CO₂ concentration of ND, GX and GQ under RI and SI was lower than that of SS, and the CO₂ concentration of RI was the lowest, especially at 70 d after emergence, which was 10.3%, 10.2% and 10.9% lower than that of SS, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system could promote the transformation of soybean flower buds from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. In the late growth stage of soybean, especially after relay intercropped maize harvested, the light transmittance of central and bottom of intercropped soybean was significantly higher than that of monoculture, while the interrow temperature, relative humidity and CO₂concentration of relay intercropping system were lower than those of monoculture. Therefore, the interrow microenvironment of this intercropping system was better than that of monoculture, which was beneficial to pod development in the later stage of soybean reproductive growth and provided a morphological basis for yield formation mechanism.

Key words: intercropping, soybean, field microclimate, flower bud differentiation

杜青,陈平,刘姗姗,罗凯,郑本川,杨欢,何舜,杨文钰,雍太文. 玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候对大豆花形态建成进程的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(13): 2746-2758.

DU Qing,CHEN Ping,LIU ShanShan,LUO Kai,ZHENG BenChuan,YANG Huan,HE Shun,YANG WenYu,YONG TaiWen. Effect of Field Microclimate on the Difference of Soybean Flower Morphology Under Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(13): 2746-2758.

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玉米-大豆间套作下田间小气候对大豆花形态建成进程的影响

Effect of Field Microclimate on the Difference of Soybean Flower Morphology Under Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System

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