畜禽养殖废弃物堆肥过程中微生物除臭研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着世界各国的畜禽养殖业向着集约化、产业化方向发展,养殖废弃物大量产生,严重影响到生态环境并威胁到人畜健康。目前,畜禽养殖废弃物的资源化利用受到人们的广泛关注,其中好氧堆肥技术是当前最有效的处理方法。然而,堆肥过程中产生的异味气体使好氧堆肥技术的推广面临极大挑战。在堆肥过程中,这些异味气体威胁人类健康的同时,还会带来一系列环境问题。因此,充分、有效的去除堆肥过程中异味气体显得十分重要。本文重点阐述了堆肥过程中异味气体排放特征及其源物质转化特征,分析堆肥过程中影响异味气体产生的因素,并从原位除臭技术和异位除臭技术两个方面对异味气体生物处理技术以及微生物控制机理进行讨论。主要结论：异味气体（NH₃、H₂S和挥发性有机物）主要在堆肥的升温期和高温期产生;控制最佳堆肥温度为55—60℃、水分为50%—60%、pH为7.5—8.5、C/N为25—30、氧气浓度为10%—18%、有机质含量为50%—80%,结合适宜的堆肥方式、翻堆频率以及添加外源微生物,可使异味气体产生量降至最低;一种除臭微生物菌株一般只对一种异味气体具有较高的去除效率,难以同时去除多种成分的异味气体,而复合微生物除臭剂可以同时去除多种异味气体成分,但去除效率相对较低。建议进一步研究有机质转化、微生物群落变化与异味气体产生的规律,从而在堆肥升温期和高温期尽可能地减少异味气体的产生;重点研发复合除臭菌剂,在提高除臭效果的同时探明微生物作用机理。

关键词: 畜禽废弃物, 好氧堆肥, 异味气体, 影响因素, 微生物技术

Abstract:

With the intensive and industrialized development of livestock and poultry breeding industry in the world, a large number of breeding wastes are generated, which seriously affect the ecological environment and threaten the health of human and livestock. Now, the resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste has been widely concerned. Aerobic composting technology is the most favorable treatment method at present. However, the odor produced by composting makes the popularization of aerobic composting technology face huge problems. In the process of composting, the odor gases not only threaten human health, but also bring a series of environmental problems. Therefore, it is very important to remove odor gases adequately and effectively in composting process. The paper summarized the emission characteristics of odor gases and the transformation characteristics of source materials, and analyzed the influencing factors of odor gases during composting in detail. Moreover, the biological treatment technology and the mechanism of microbial control of odor gases were discussed from two aspects: in-situ removal technology and ectopic removal technology. The following conclusions were drawn: odor gases (NH₃, H₂S and volatile organic compounds) were mainly generated in the heating period and high temperature period of the composting process; the optimum temperature was 55-60℃, with the moisture of 50%-60%, pH of 7.5 to 8.5, C/N for 25-30, oxygen concentration of 10%-18%, and organic matter content of 50%-80%; at the same time, it could choose the right means of compost, optimal frequency of turning heaps and adding exogenous microorganisms to make odor gases minimize; a deodorizing microbial strain usually only had high removal efficiency of one odor gas component, and it was difficult to remove a variety of odor gases at the same time; compound deodorizing microbial agents could remove a variety of odor gas components at the same time, but the removal efficiency was relatively low. It was suggested that the transformation of organic matter, the change of microbial community and the rule of odor gases production should be further studied, so as to reduce the production of odor gases as much as possible during the heating period and high temperature period of compost. Research should focus on development of composite deodorizing microbial agents, and explore the effect and mechanism of microbial deodorization.

Key words: livestock and poultry wastes, aerobic composting, odor, influence factors, microbial technology

魏启航,任艳芳,何俊瑜,李兆君. 畜禽养殖废弃物堆肥过程中微生物除臭研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3134-3145.

WEI QiHang,REN YanFang,HE JunYu,LI ZhaoJun. Research Progress of Microbial Deodorization in Livestock and Poultry Wastes Composting[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3134-3145.

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表3

生物过滤、生物滴滤和生物洗涤处理技术对比[68,69,70,71]"

	生物过滤 Biofilter	生物滴滤 Bio-trickling filter	生物洗涤 Bioscrubber
特点 Feature	生物相和液相固定 Stationary biofacies and liquid 一个反应器 One reactor	生物相固定、流动液相 Stationary biofacies and fluid liquid 一个反应器 One reactor	生物相悬浮、液相流动 Suspended biofacies and fluid liquid 两个反应器 Two reactors
优点 Advantage	设备简单 Simple device 气液比表面积大 Large surface area of gas-liquid ratio 运行费用低 Low operation cost 工艺成熟 Technical maturity 操作安全 Operational safety 无二次污染 No secondary pollution 效率高达90% The removal rate reach 90% 不需要另加营养物 No need add nutrient	设备简单 Simple device 污染负荷大 Large pollution load 缓冲能力强 Better buffer ability 无二次污染 No secondary pollution 处理效率高 High treatment efficiency 不需要更换填料 No need replace material regularly	设备紧凑 Compact device 低压力损失 Low-pressure loss 反应条件易控制 Easy to control reaction condition 除氨效率可达99.5% The removal rate of NH₃ reach 99.5% H₂S的去除率达85% The removal rate of H₂S reach 85%
缺点 Disadvantage	反应条件难控制 Difficult to control reaction condition 适应能力较差 Poor adaptability 占地面积大 Large occupied area 需要定期更换材料 Need replace material regularly	传质表面积小 Small surface area of mass transfer 需处理剩余污泥 Need treat residual sludge 运行费用高 High operation cost 气液比表面积小 Small surface area of gas-liquid ratio 设备启动复杂 Be complex to start equipment	传质表面积小 Small surface area of mass transfer 需处理剩余污泥 Need treat residual sludge 投资费用高 High investment cost 需要大量氧气 Need vast oxygen 需要另加营养物 Need add nutrient
适用范围 Application scope	污染物浓度0.5-1 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration: 0.5-1 g·m^-3 处理气量大、浓度低的含氨气体 Applicable to treat massive and low concentration ammonia-containing gas	污染物浓度<0.5 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration<0.5 g·m^-3 对负荷较高及污染物降解后生成酸性物质的含氨气体有较好处理效果 Applicable to treat high load ammonia-containing gas which generate acidoid after degradation of pollutant	污染物浓度1-5 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration: 1-5 g·m^-3 用于处理气量小、浓度大的含氨气体 Applicable to treat less and high concentration ammonia-containing gas

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表4

除臭菌株的筛选、鉴定和优化条件"

菌株来源 Source of strain	菌株 Strain	鉴定 Identification	除臭率Deodorization (%)		复合菌剂 Compound microbial agent	优化条件 Optimum condition	参考文献 Reference
菌株来源 Source of strain	菌株 Strain	鉴定 Identification	NH₃	H₂S	复合菌剂 Compound microbial agent	优化条件 Optimum condition	参考文献 Reference
猪粪Pig feces	XA12 XB2 XB9	乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici 解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amylolique faciens 罗伦隐球酵母Cryptococcus laurentii	61.17 63.5 56.64	/ / /	XA12+XB2+XB9 NH₃去除率85.6% The removal rate of NH₃reach 85.6%	温度32℃ pH7.0 Temperature 32℃ pH7.0 接种量10% 时间54 h Inoculum 10% Time 54 h	[79]
垃圾渗滤液 Leachate water	CC3 CC7 CC13 CC16	乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici 巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium 嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis	62.25 51.78 67.68 56.25	50.23 48.75 60.95 52.23	CC7:CC13:CC16 = 2:3:1 NH₃去除率83.56% The removal rate of NH₃reach 83.56% H₂S去除率70.25% The removal rate of H₂S reach 70.25%	温度30℃ pH6.5 Temperature 30℃ pH6.5 接种量5% 时间60 h Inoculum 5% Time 60 h	[80]
垃圾场土样 Soil sample of wasteyard	X8 X12 R5 R8 J8	巴氏醋杆菌Acetobacter pasteurianus 玉米乳杆菌Lactobacillus zeae 副干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus paracasei 发酵乳杆菌Lactobacillus fermentum 酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae	86.54 70.32 79.78 88.47 78.46	71.34 62.49 73.98 75.45 62.68	X8+X12+R5+R8+J8 NH₃去除率92.68% The removal rate of NH₃reach 92.68% H₂S去除率84.72% The removal rate of H₂S reach 84.72%	温度38℃ pH3.5 Temperature 38℃ pH3.5 稀释倍数80 时间24 h Dilution ratio 80 Time 24 h	[81]
猪粪Pig feces 活性污泥Activated sludge 垃圾Rubbish 秸秆Straw	BX3 AX4 AF2 BZ1/DZ1/ DZ3/EZ3	细菌Bacteria 细菌Bacteria 放线菌Actinomycetes 真菌Fungi	80.07 / / >50	76.92 >80 >75 /	AF2+DZ1+BX3+DZ3+BZ1+EZ3+AX4 NH₃去除率82.14% The removal rate of NH₃reach 82.14% H₂S去除率80.84% The removal rate of H₂S reach 80.84%	堆肥接种量5% Inoculum of compost 5%	[82]
猪粪Pig feces 土壤Soil sample	Z2	弯曲芽孢杆菌Bacillus flexus	71	62.3		接种量1%-5% Inoculum 1%-5%	[83]
鸡粪Chicken feces	CCJZO22	红平红球菌Rhodococcus erythropolis	66.73	54.51		温度30℃ pH7.0 Temperature 30℃ pH7.0 接种量12% Inoculum 12%	[84]
粪污Feces	JFF-2 JFF-3	地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis	/ /	84.02 86.12			[85]
猪粪Pig feces 土壤Soil sample	YX-3	暹罗芽孢杆菌Bacillus siamensi	56.9	8.6		温度30-40℃ Temperature 30-40℃ 接种量8% Inoculum 8%	[59]
活性污泥Activated sludge	Y1	不动杆菌Acinetobacter	99(NH₄⁺-N)	/		温度30-35℃ Temperature 30-35℃ pH7.0 时间24 h pH7.0 Time 24 h 转速150 r/min Shake speed at 150 r/min	[86]
制药厂原水 Raw water of pharmaceutical factory	JR1	不动杆菌Acinetobacter	98.5(NH₄⁺-N)	/		温度30℃ Temperature 30℃ pH4.5 时间24 h pH4.5 Time 24 h C/N 16 Carbon-nitrogen ratio at 16	[87]

表4

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挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compound	分子式 Molecular formula	允许浓度 The allowance concentration (mg·m^-3)	气味特征 Characteristic odor
二甲苯 Xylene	C₈H₁₀	100	刺激性气味Pungent odor
丙酮 Acetone	CH₃COCH₃	750	辛辣气味 Acrid odor
甲基乙基酮 Methyl ethyl ketone	C₄H₈O	100	辛辣气味 Acrid odor
环己酮 Cyclohexanone	C₆H₁₀O	25	刺鼻臭味 Pungent stench
乙醛 Acetaldehyde	CH₃CHO	10	刺激性气味 Pungent odor
丙烯腈 Acrylonitrile	C₃H₃N	40	刺激性气味 Pungent odor

影响因素 Influence factor	最佳参数 Optimum parameter	参考文献 Reference
温度 Temperature (℃)	55-60	[27, 35, 48]
水分 Moisture (%)	50-60	[33, 36, 47, 56]
pH	7.5-8.5	[33-34, 47, 55]
C/N Carbon-nitrogen ratio	25-30	[41, 54-56]
氧气浓度 Oxygen concentration (%)	10-18	[33-35, 44]
有机质含量 Organic content (%)	50-80	[36, 47-48]