畜禽粪便中兽用抗生素削减方法的研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.17.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 兽用抗生素具有显著的促动物生长、预防动物疾病的作用。随着集约化畜牧业以及配合饲料工业的不断发展，抗生素作为饲料添加剂在全球范围内已被广泛应用。我国畜禽养殖业对抗生素的依赖甚是严重，每年用于畜禽养殖的兽药抗生素超过了8吨，占抗生素总产量的一半以上。这些兽用抗生素并不能完全被动物体所吸收，绝大部分以原药或者代谢产物的形式随畜禽粪便和尿液排出体外，导致畜禽粪污中多种抗生素残留，最高浓度达到了183.50 mg·kg-1。残留抗生素可能经各种途径进入土壤和水体环境中，一方面影响土著微生物的活性，另一方面引起抗性菌和抗性基因的产生和传播，给生态系统安全和人类身体健康带来巨大的负面效应。因此，充分、有效消减畜禽粪污中兽药抗生素十分重要而迫切。论文作者在总结大量文献的基础上，对国内外畜禽粪便抗生素的污染特点和赋存规律进行了系统介绍，并着重阐述了国内外畜禽粪便中兽用抗生素削减方法的最新研究进展，描述了畜禽粪便好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵的分类及工艺流程。在此基础上重点对好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵两种处理方式下畜禽粪便中兽用抗生素的去除程度进行了详尽、深入分析，同时对抗生素消减效果的影响因素进行了充分讨论。主要结论：好氧堆肥对土霉素、四环素、金霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和泰乐菌素等主要类别抗生素的最高去除率可达65.5%—100%，去除效果受抗生素种类、初始浓度、添加方式、堆肥温度、供养方式、底物组成影响；厌氧发酵对氨苄青霉素、四环素、磺胺甲氧二嗪的去除可达100%，但几乎无法去除磺胺噻唑、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、泰乐菌素，去除效果受抗生素种类、浓度、发酵温度、污泥性质、混合速率和发酵时间影响。最后，对需要进一步开展的研究进行了展望，建议加强兽用抗生素的监管，制定相关的法规和标准，加速兽用抗生素替代物品的研发，减少源头污染；深入开展畜禽废弃物好氧堆肥或者厌氧发酵过程中抗生素降解产物及机理研究；筛选具有强降解能力的微生物作为菌剂，强化其对畜禽养殖废弃物中兽用抗生素的消减；深入研究好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵过程中抗生素和ARGs之间的相互关系，去除兽用抗生素的同时也加速ARGs的削减。

关键词: 兽用抗生素, 畜禽粪便, 好氧堆肥, 厌氧发酵

Abstract: Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) have good effect on promoting growth and preventing animal disease. With the development of the intensive animal husbandry and formula feed industry, antibiotics were widely used around the world. The dependence on VAs is particularly serious in Chinese animal feeding operations. The annual VAs use amount exceeds 8 tons in China, which accounts for more than half of the total antibiotics. However, instead of being assimilated by animal guts, high percentage of antibiotics were excreted out as prototype or metabolites with urine and feces, and cause VAs residue in animal wastes to the highest concentration of 183.50 mg·kg-1. The residual VAs could enter the soil and water through various pathways, affect the activity of indigenous microorganism and cause the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganism and antibiotic-resistant genes, posing potential risks to the ecosystem safety and human health. Thus, it is significant and emergent to efficiently remove residual VAs in animal waste. This paper introduced VAs contamination characteristics and occurrence regularity in animal wastes, reviewed the current research progress on the removal of veterinary antibiotics in livestock and poultry manure at home and abroad, introduced the classifications and process flows of the aerobic composting and anaerobic fermentation of livestock and poultry manure, summarized the removal efficiencies of VAs in animal wastes under aerobic composting and anaerobic fermentation and discussed the affecting factors of VAs removal efficiencies. Conclusion: the removal efficiencies of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and tylosin under aerobic composting could reach as high as 65.5%-100%, which was related to antibiotic types, concentration, adding ways, temperature, oxygen and substrate composition; anaerobic fermentation can completely remove Ampicillin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxydiazine, but has no effect on the remove of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxin, trimethoprim and tylosin, related to antibiotic types, concentration, temperature, sludge, mixing rate and fermentation time. Finally, this paper suggested the aspects needing further research: strengthen the supervision and management of VAs, constitute relevant legislation and standards, accelerate the research of substitute to reduce source pollution; study the degradation products and mechanism; screen microorganisms with strong VAs biodegradability to enhance VAs reduction; study the relationship between antibiotics and ARGs to realize the simultaneous remove of veterinary antibiotics and ARGs.

Key words: veterinary antibiotics, livestock and poultry manure, aerobic composting, anaerobic fermentation

成登苗，李兆君，张雪莲，冯瑶，张树清. 畜禽粪便中兽用抗生素削减方法的研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(17): 3335-3352.

CHENG DengMiao, LI ZhaoJun, ZHANG XueLian, FENG Yao, ZHANG ShuQing. Removal of Veterinary Antibiotics in Livestock and Poultry Manure: A Review[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(17): 3335-3352.

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