小麦根系分泌物对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.05.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究小麦根系分泌物对西瓜连作土壤中特异性菌群、真菌群落结构和多样性的影响,明确根系分泌物对改善连作土壤微生物环境的作用,为西瓜枯萎病的生态防治和菜田土壤的健康保持提供参考。【方法】本试验以连作3年的西瓜土壤为研究对象,利用土培盆栽试验研究小麦根系分泌物对西瓜连作土壤中真菌群落结构和多样性的影响。【结果】荧光定量结果表明外源添加小麦根系分泌物降低了土壤中总真菌、尖孢镰刀菌和西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌的菌群丰度,增加了木霉菌的菌群丰度,且有西瓜苗并添加小麦根系分泌物处理的木霉菌丰度最高,尖孢镰刀菌的丰度最低。无西瓜苗并添加去离子水溶液处理的木霉菌丰度最低,尖孢镰刀菌的丰度最高。在门水平,增加了西瓜连作土壤中壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）的相对丰度,降低了接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度;在属水平,增加了对病原菌有拮抗作用的毛壳菌属（Chaetomium spp.）和顶孢霉属（Acremonium spp.）的相对丰度,同时降低了有致病潜力的尖孢镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和腐生菌（Humicola spp.）物种的相对丰度。【结论】小麦根系分泌物引起的西瓜连作土壤中真菌群落的变化是小麦间作西瓜减缓西瓜病害的原因之一。

关键词: 真菌群落, 木霉菌, 尖孢镰刀菌, 小麦根系分泌物, 西瓜, 连作土壤

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this paper was to study the effects of wheat root exudates on specific microflora, fungal community structure and diversity in watermelon continuous cropping soils, which was of great theoretical significance to find out the effects of root exudates on the improvement of soil microbial environment, the ecological control of watermelon wilt and the healthy maintenance of vegetable soil. 【Method】 In this experiment, the continuous cropping of watermelon for three years was used as the research object. The effects of wheat root exudates on the structure and diversity of fungal community in watermelon continuous cropping soil were studied by soil culture experiment. 【Result】Re-time PCR results showed that exogenously added wheat root exudates reduced the abundance of total fungal, Fusarium spp. and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, but the abundance of Trichoderma spp. was increased in the soils with and without watermelon seedlings. Moreover, the abundance of Trichoderma spp. was the highest under the treatment with watermelon seedlings and exogenous addition of wheat root exudates, but the abundance of Fusarium spp. was the lowest. Trichoderma spp. treated with no watermelon seedlings and added with deionized water solution had the lowest abundance, while Fusarium oxysporum had the highest abundance. At the phylum level, exogenous addition of wheat root exudates increased the relative abundance of Chytridiomycota in the watermelon soils, but reduced the relative abundances of Zygomycota and Basidiomycota in the soils with and without watermelon seedlings. At the genus level, exogenous addition of wheat root exudates increased the relative abundances of Chaetomium and Acremonium spp. in the soils with and without watermelon seedlings, whose species could have pathogen-antagonistic and/or plant-growth-promoting effects. However, exogenously addition wheat root exudates decreased the relative abundances of Fusarium and Humicola spp. in the soils with and without watermelon seedlings, which contained the species that could cause plant pathogens. 【Conclusion】Overall, our results showed that, the change of fungal community in watermelon soil caused by wheat root exudates was one of the reasons why wheat/watermelon slowed down watermelon disease.

Key words: fungal community, Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., wheat root exudates, watermelon, continuous cropping soil

田晴,高丹美,李慧,刘守伟,周新刚,吴凤芝. 小麦根系分泌物对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(5): 1018-1028.

TIAN Qing,GAO DanMei,LI Hui,LIU ShouWei,ZHOU XinGang,WU FengZhi. Effects of Wheat Root Exudates on the Structure of Fungi Community in Continuous Cropping Watermelon Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(5): 1018-1028.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.05.013

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图/表 7

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表1

表2

小麦根系分泌物对西瓜连作土壤真菌主要OTU水平的影响"

OTU编号 OTU ID	门水平 Phylum	属水平 Genus	相对丰度Relative abundance (%)
OTU编号 OTU ID	门水平 Phylum	属水平 Genus	NC	NR	WC	WR
OTU881	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	丝壳属 Kernia	22.45±1.40a	23.61±1.29a	2.25±0.10b	4.85±0.21b
OTU1011	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	毛壳菌属 Chaetomium	8.40±0.81c	7.73±0.38c	14.46±0.67b	17.32±0.59a
OTU925	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	假霉样真菌属 Pseudallescheria	5.55±0.45c	2.85±0.09d	10.79±0.29b	11.76±0.22a
OTU322	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	镰刀菌属 Fusarium	1.60±0.02c	1.09±0.03c	12.24±0.34a	5.26±0.42b
OTU221	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	腐质霉属 Humicola	3.65±0.22b	3.08±0.18b	5.63±0.27a	5.43±0.15a
OTU894	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	枝顶孢属 Acremonium	1.89±0.10b	13.50±0.43a	0.10±0.01c	0.18±0.03c
OTU20	壶菌门 Chytridiomycota	油星壶菌属 Olpidiaster	0.02±0.02b	0.01±0.00b	6.43±1.34a	8.22±1.13a
OTU225	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	单孢菌属 Monosporascus	0.03±0.01c	0.01±0.00c	3.93±0.40b	4.65±0.06a
OTU965	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	头孢菌属 Cephaliophora	5.69±0.44a	0.68±0.04b	0.79±0.09b	0.49±0.08b
OTU168	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	镰刀菌属 Fusarium	0.93±0.04c	0.90±0.04c	3.19±0.08a	2.11±0.06b
OTU732	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	链格孢属 Alternaria	2.40±0.29a	2.33±0.18a	0.32±0.01b	1.98±0.22a
OTU774	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	柄孢壳菌属 Podospora	0.28±0.03c	0.43±0.04c	3.38±0.26a	1.13±0.03b
OTU320	接合菌门 Zygomycota	被孢霉属 Mortierella	0.86±0.08b	0.29±0.04c	2.04±0.18a	1.79±0.06a
OTU485	担子菌门 Basidiomycota	隐球菌属 Cryptococcus	1.80±0.21a	1.34±0.04b	0.77±0.05c	0.99±0.12bc
OTU663	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	Pseudaleuria	1.57±0.12b	2.86±0.08a	0.23±0.04c	0.22±0.03c
OTU422	壶菌门 Chytridiomycota	根囊壶菌属 Rhizophlyctis	1.22±0.04b	2.30±0.31a	0.03±0.01c	0.05±0.01c
OTU1100	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	枝顶孢属 Acremonium	1.47±0.13a	0.86±0.06b	0.50±0.05c	0.57±0.05c
OTU878	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	单格孢属 Monodictys	0.67±0.03b	2.01±0.22a	0.29±0.07c	0.42±0.04bc
OTU196	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	丝壳属 Kernia	1.03±0.15a	0.50±0.03c	0.77±0.04b	0.99±0.04ab
OTU910	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	丝壳属 Kernia	1.06±0.08a	0.73±0.07b	0.48±0.01c	0.70±0.04b
OTU277	接合菌门 Zygomycota	被孢霉属 Mortierella	0.71±0.11b	0.29±0.05c	0.82±0.03b	1.09±0.08a
OTU247	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	嗜热真菌属 Thermomyces	0.04±0.01c	0.05±0.00c	1.57±0.09a	1.18±0.07b
OTU1073	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	嗜热链球菌属 Mycothermus	0.09±0.02b	0.07±0.01b	1.32±0.13a	1.18±0.05a
OTU502	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	丝壳属 Kernia	0.69±0.01b	1.00±0.07a	0.38±0.02c	0.36±0.01c

表2

表3

图4

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属水平 Genus	处理 Treatment
属水平 Genus	NC	NR	WC	WR
丝壳属 Kernia	25.53±1.17a	26.10±1.27a	4.04±0.09c	7.17±0.27b
毛壳菌属 Chaetomium	8.91±0.85c	8.21±0.42c	14.92±0.71b	17.75±0.57a
假霉样真菌属 Pseudallescheria	5.58±0.45c	2.87±0.09d	10.80±0.28b	11.78±0.21a
镰刀菌属 Fusarium	2.76±0.07c	2.54±0.11c	16.06±0.47a	8.08±0.46b
枝顶孢属 Acremonium	5.58±0.23b	16.26±0.33a	1.55±0.17c	1.85±0.14c
腐质霉属 Humicola	3.76±0.24a	3.14±0.17b	5.71±0.26a	5.49±0.15a
油星壶菌属 Olpidiaster	0.02±0.02b	0.01±0.00b	6.47±1.36a	8.27±1.14a
被孢霉属 Mortierella	2.14±0.29b	0.88±0.03c	3.54±0.20a	3.91±0.23a
单孢菌属 Monosporascus	0.04±0.01c	0.01±0.00c	3.95±0.40b	4.66±0.06a
头孢菌属 Cephaliophora	5.71±0.45a	0.70±0.04b	0.80±0.08b	0.70±0.07b
链格孢属 Alternaria	2.40±0.29a	2.34±0.18a	0.32±0.01c	1.99±0.22b
Pseudaleuria	2.26±0.12b	3.38±0.08a	0.36±0.05d	0.62±0.04c
柄孢壳菌属 Podospora	0.50±0.06c	0.77±0.06c	3.50±0.25a	1.27±0.05b
隐球菌属 Cryptococcus	2.19±0.27a	1.38±0.04b	0.81±0.06c	1.03±0.11bc
根囊壶菌属 Rhizophlyctis	2.00±0.04a	2.46±0.34a	0.22±0.07b	0.59±0.10b
曲霉属 Aspergillus	0.36±0.01b	0.39±0.02b	1.46±0.12a	1.30±0.10a
单格孢属 Monodictys	0.68±0.03b	2.01±0.22a	0.29±0.07c	0.42±0.04bc
嗜热真菌属 Thermomyces	0.05±0.01c	0.07±0.01c	1.59±0.08a	1.20±0.07b
嗜热链球菌属 Mycothermus	0.09±0.02b	0.07±0.01b	1.32±0.13a	1.18±0.05a

属水平 Genus	OTU编号 OTU ID	处理Treatment
属水平 Genus	OTU编号 OTU ID	NC	NR	WC	WR
镰刀菌属 Fusarium spp.	OTU322	1.60±0.02c	1.09±0.03c	12.24±0.34a	5.26±0.42b
	OTU168	0.93±0.04c	0.90±0.04c	3.19±0.08a	2.11±0.06b
	OTU827	0.08±0.02c	0.27±0.03a	0.17±0.03b	0.23±0.01ab
	OTU17	0.06±0.01c	0.09±0.01bc	0.11±0.01b	0.15±0.02a
	OTU843	0.03±0.00b	0.14±0.04a	0.10±0.01a	0.09±0.01ab
	OTU137	0.01±0.01b	0.00±0.00b	0.11±0.02a	0.07±0.02a
	OTU199	0.01±0.00b	0.02±0.01ab	0.05±0.02a	0.05±0.01ab
	OTU1116	0.01±0.01a	0.01±0.00a	0.05±0.03a	0.03±0.01a
	OTU595	0.01±0.01ab	0.01±0.01b	0.02±0.00ab	0.03±0.01a
	OTU71	0.01±0.00b	0.01±0.00b	0.01±0.01ab	0.04±0.02a
	OTU738	0.01±0.01a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a
	OTU327	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.01±0.01a
	OTU307	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.01±0.00a	0.00±0.00b
木霉属 Trichoderma spp.	OTU917	0.01±0.01c	0.00±0.00c	0.14±0.01a	0.09±0.03b
	OTU958	0.00±0.01b	0.01±0.00b	0.09±0.02a	0.08±0.04a
	OTU149	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00ab	0.01±0.00a	0.01±0.00ab