氨基酸缺乏对母犊牛生长和日粮养分消化代谢的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）和苏氨酸（Thr）缺乏对3-6月龄中国荷斯坦母犊牛生长和日粮养分消化代谢的影响,为生产中判断母犊牛氨基酸缺乏症提供依据,并对后续母犊牛氨基酸需要量的确定提供理论依据。【方法】 72头84日龄中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按体重和出生时间相近原则随机分为4个处理组,限量饲喂4种不同氨基酸模式的饲粮,分别为氨基酸平衡组（PC组）、赖氨酸扣除组（PC-Lys）、蛋氨酸扣除组（PC-Met）和苏氨酸扣除组（PC-Thr）,氨基酸扣除量均为PC组的30%。试验期97d,其中预饲期7d,正试期90d。于正试期第1、30、60、90天测定犊牛体重、体尺和乳头长度;在132—138和173—179日龄每组分别选取6头健康犊牛进行2期消化代谢试验,收集粪、尿和饲料样品,测定营养物质表观消化率及氮代谢;正试期每天记录采食量。【结果】与饲喂氨基酸平衡饲粮的犊牛相比：（1）扣除Lys显著降低90—180日龄犊牛饲料转化效率（P＜0.05）,日增重（ADG）为各组最低（P＞0.05）;扣除Met和Thr对90—180日龄犊牛ADG和饲料转化效率没有显著影响（P＞0.05）;（2）扣除Lys或Thr显著降低犊牛粪便评分（P＜0.05）,但对腹泻率没有影响（P＞0.05）,以PC-Lys组腹泻率最高;3）扣除Lys、Met或Thr均不影响犊牛体尺（P＞0.05）,但扣除Lys后犊牛乳头长度增长率均低于PC组（P＞0.05）;4）扣除Lys、Met或Thr不影响日粮养分表观消化率（P＞0.05）,但扣除Lys显著降低173—179日龄犊牛氮利用率和氮生物学价值（P＜0.05）。【结论】在本试验设定的氨基酸平衡饲粮基础上,扣除Lys对犊牛生长发育和氮代谢有不利影响,扣除Thr影响犊牛腹泻,扣除Met对犊牛无明显影响。

关键词: 赖氨酸, 蛋氨酸, 苏氨酸, 母犊牛, 生长性能, 氮代谢

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of deleting dietary lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) on growth performance, and nutrients digestion and metabolism in 3-6 month-old Chinese Holstein heifers. It can provide not only the evidences for diagnosing the deficiency disease of amino acid of heifers in production, but also the guidance for determining amino acid requirements of heifers in the future.【Method】The experiment was conducted for 90 days with 72 Holstein heifers aged about 84 day-old fed in restricted amounts. Following a 7-day covariate period, heifers were allocated to 4 groups according to date of birth and body weight: 30% Lys reducing treatment (PC-Lys), 30% Met reducing treatment (PC-Met), 30% Thr reducing treatment (PC-Thr) and theoretical amino acid balanced treatment (PC). Body weight, body size and length of nipples were measured on 1, 30, 60 and 90 day. Six healthy calves were selected from each group at the ages of 132-138 and 173-179 day for twice and metabolism test. Feces, urine and feeds samples were collected to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen metabolism. Dry matter intake was recorded daily throughout the whole trial period. 【Result】Compared with PC, the results showed that (1) Lys deficiency significantly decreased Gain/Feed (G/F) in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＜0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) of PC-Lys group was lowest among four groups in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＞0.05). ADG and G/F were not influenced by Met and Thr deficiency in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＞0.05); (2) No differences of diarrhea rate were found among four groups (P＞0.05), while diarrhea rate was highest in PC-Lys group (P＞0.05). However, Lys and Thr deficiency decreased fecal score (P＜0.05); (3) Lys, Met and Thr deficiency did not affect body size (P＞0.05), but the growth rate of nipples of PC-Lys group were lower than that of PC group (P＜0.05); (4) The apparent digestibility of nutrients were not influenced by different treatments. Retained N of intake N and biological value of N were significantly decreased in PC-Lys group (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】On the basis of the theoretical amino acid balanced diet, reducing 30% dietary Lys had adverse effect on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism, and reducing 30% dietary Thr could deteriorate diarrhea, while reducing 30% dietary Met had no effects in heifers.

Key words: Lys, Met, Thr, heifers, growth performance, nitrogen metabolism

孔凡林,李媛,唐梦琪,马满鹏,付彤,刁其玉,成思源,屠焰. 氨基酸缺乏对母犊牛生长和日粮养分消化代谢的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(2): 418-430.

KONG FanLin,LI Yuan,TANG MengQi,MA ManPeng,FU Tong,DIAO QiYu,CHENG SiYuan,TU Yan. Effects of Amino Acid Deficiency on Growth Development, Dietary Nutrients Digestion and Metabolism in Heifers[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(2): 418-430.

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日粮组成 Ingredient	含量Content (%)	营养成分Nutrient²⁾	营养水平Nutrient level
玉米 Corn	45.67	干物质 DM（风干物质基础 Air-dry basis）	90.53
苜蓿 Alfalfa	25	干物质 DM（风干物质基础 Air-dry basis）	90.53
小麦麸 Wheat bran	15	总能 GE（Mcal/kg）	16.76
大豆粕 Soybean meal	11.97	代谢能 ME（Mcal/kg）	12.71
细石粉 CaCO₃	1.06	有机物 OM	93.32
预混料1% Premix¹⁾	1	粗蛋白质 CP	19.22
食盐 NaCl	0.3	粗脂肪 EE	4.56
合计 Total	100	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	20.08
		酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	11.43
		钙 Ca	1.07
		磷 P	0.49
		赖氨酸 Lys	0.73
		蛋氨酸 Met	0.11
		苏氨酸 Thr	0.41

项目Item	组别 Group
项目Item	PC	PC-Lys	PC-Met	PC-Thr
过瘤胃赖氨酸产品 RPLys product¹⁾	1.68	0.42	1.68	1.68
过瘤胃蛋氨酸产品 RPMet product²⁾	1.32	1.32	0.77	1.32
过瘤胃苏氨酸产品 RPThr product³⁾	1.05	1.05	1.05	0.40
赖氨酸 Lys	1.21	0.85	1.21	1.21
蛋氨酸 Met	0.40	0.40	0.28	0.40
苏氨酸 Thr	0.79	0.79	0.79	0.55

项目 Item	组别 Group				SEM	固定效应P值 P-value of fixed effect
项目 Item	PC	PC-Lys	PC-Met	PC-Thr	SEM	处理 Treatment	日龄 Day	处理×日龄 Treatment×day
平均日增重ADG (g·d^-1)
90-180日龄 90-180 d	824.93ab	786.19b	864.71a	821.36ab	20.099	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.09
90-120日龄 90-120 d	700.64ab	638.2b	747.69a	721.47a	25.414	＜0.01
120-150日龄 120-150 d	859.78	952.54	947.02	874.36	33.509	0.06
150-180日龄 150-180 d	914.36	767.85	899.42	868.26	56.175	0.06
干物质采食量 DMI (kg·d^-1)
90-180日龄 90-180 d	3.20	3.26	3.25	3.28	0.032	0.09	＜0.01	0.68
90-120日龄 90-120 d	2.52	2.60	2.57	2.63	0.040	0.07
120-150日龄 120-150 d	3.18b	3.27a	3.27a	3.27a	0.028	0.03
150-180日龄 150-180 d	3.90	3.91	3.91	3.94	0.054	0.57
饲料转化效率 G/F
90-180日龄 90-180 d	0.26ab	0.24c	0.27a	0.25bc	0.005	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.03
90-120日龄 90-120 d	0.28ab	0.24c	0.31a	0.27b	0.010	＜0.01
120-150日龄 120-150 d	0.27	0.29	0.29	0.27	0.010	0.12
150-180日龄 150-180 d	0.24a	0.19b	0.23ab	0.22ab	0.014	0.02

项目 Item		组别 Group				SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item		PC	PC-Lys	PC-Met	PC-Thr	SEM	P值 P-value
体高 Withers height (cm)	90日龄 90 d	95.4	93.3	95.4	94.8	0.45	0.30
	180日龄 180 d	111.9	111.6	111.8	112.2	0.41	0.96
	增长率Growth rate	17.34	19.62	17.14	18.37	0.381	0.08
体斜长 Body length (cm)	90日龄 90 d	102.9	103.5	102.71	101.83	0.58	0.82
	180日龄 180 d	119.3	120.9	120.3	121.2	0.48	0.54
	增长率Growth rate	16.01	18.45	17.98	19.73	0.738	0.33
十字部高 Hip height (cm)	90日龄 90 d	99.1	97.4	99.3	98.9	0.49	0.53
	180日龄 180 d	117.0	116.6	116.9	117.2	0.39	0.96
	增长率Growth rate	18.16	19.67	17.68	18.57	0.361	0.25
胸围 Heart girth (cm)	90日龄 90 d	110.3	110.1	112.1	110.7	0.53	0.57
	180日龄 180 d	135.9	133.4	136.6	135.8	0.60	0.25
	增长率Growth rate	23.29	21.24	21.88	22.72	0.448	0.39
腹围 Abdominal girth (cm)	90日龄 90 d	122.3	123.3	123.0	122.8	0.73	0.97
	180日龄 180 d	157.6	157.3	158.9	161.4	0.99	0.46
	增长率Growth rate	29.09	27.66	29.34	31.73	0.861	0.41
腰角宽 Hip width (cm)	90日龄 90 d	21.9	22.6	22.3	22.0	0.17	0.53
	180日龄 180 d	34.4	35.3	34.8	35.0	0.19	0.42
	增长率Growth rate	56.60	57.17	55.97	59.76	1.189	0.67

项目 Item	日龄 Days of age	组别 Group				SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	日龄 Days of age	PC	PC-Lys	PC-Met	PC-Thr	SEM	P值 P-value
左后 Left rear (mm)	90日龄 90 d	14.9b	17.6a	13.9b	16.2ab	0.45	0.01
	180日龄 180 d	23.5	25.1	23.4	26.4	0.53	0.17
	增长率Growth rate	61.8ab	47.2b	74.1a	63.7ab	3.29	0.03
左前 Left front (mm)	90日龄 90 d	14.9	17.3	14.8	15.9	0.41	0.10
	180日龄 180 d	27.4	28.8	26.2	26.9	0.56	0.40
	增长率Growth rate	81.9	70.3	82.5	69.3	4.19	0.55
右后 Right rear (mm)	90日龄 90 d	14.0b	16.4a	13.8b	15.7ab	0.39	0.03
	180日龄 180 d	20.9	23.3	22.8	24.1	0.53	0.19
	增长率Growth rate	61.3	57.9	71.4	73.0	3.78	0.41
右前 Right front (mm)	90日龄 90 d	15.9b	18.1a	14.7b	15.8b	0.42	0.02
	180日龄 180 d	25.5	28.3	26.2	27.9	0.50	0.14
	增长率Growth rate	53.4ab	45.8b	69.5a	53.6ab	3.05	0.03