冬小麦一次性施肥氮肥产品筛选与产量效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (20): 3863-3875.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.005

冬小麦一次性施肥氮肥产品筛选与产量效应

吴小宾¹(), 谭德水¹(), 林海涛¹, 朱国梁², 李子双³, 和爱玲⁴, 郭建华⁵, 刘兆辉¹

¹山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室/山东省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,济南 250100
²泰安市农业科学研究院,山东泰安 271000
³德州市农业科学研究院,山东德州 253015
⁴河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002
⁵北京农业信息技术研究中心,北京 100097

收稿日期:2018-01-18 接受日期:2018-07-17 出版日期:2018-10-16 发布日期:2018-10-16
作者简介:
联系方式：吴小宾,E-mail：xbwuferguson@163.com
基金资助:
国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201303103,201503130）、2017年度山东省博士后创新项目专项基金（201703051）、国家重点研发计划（2017YFD0201700）、国家小麦产业技术体系岗位科学家项目（CARS-03）、山东省重点研发计划（重大关键技术）（2016ZDJS08A02、2017CXGC0304）、山东省农业科学院青年英才培养计划、国家科技支撑计划（2015BDA23B0206）

Yield Effect and Nitrogen Fertilizer Screening of One-off Application of Controlled Release Fertilizer for Winter Wheat

XiaoBin WU¹(), DeShui TAN¹(), HaiTao LIN¹, GuoLiang ZHU², ZiShuang LI³, AiLing HE⁴, JianHua GUO⁵, ZhaoHui LIU¹()

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Jinan 250100, Shandong
²Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an 271000, Shandong
³Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, 253015 Shandong
⁴Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environment Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002
⁵Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097

Received:2018-01-18 Accepted:2018-07-17 Online:2018-10-16 Published:2018-10-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对不同的土壤类型,筛选适宜的控释氮肥类型,为控释氮肥的高效施用以及冬小麦一次性施肥提供科学依据与技术支撑。【方法】基于2013—2016年多点的大田试验,设置对照（CON）、优化施肥处理（OPT）和6种不同类型的控释氮肥（A₁、A₂、B、C、D和E）处理,研究控释氮肥在不同地区（泰安、驻马店、德州、菏泽和石家庄）的应用效果,从作物养分吸收与土壤养分供应两方面研究和分析不同控释氮肥对小麦的增产效应。【结果】泰安砂姜黑土试验点A₂、C、E的氮素释放规律与小麦生长需求较为吻合,且与OPT处理相比,3年平均冬前分蘖、最大分蘖和有效分蘖分别增加5.7%—14.7%、10.9%—22.2%和4.5%—6.0%,产量增加2.6%—4.6%。驻马店砂姜黑土3年平均结果表明,A₂、C和E较OPT处理提高了氮肥表观回收率和氮素吸收,分别提高7.7%—11%和4.3%—5.3%。石家庄褐土上的结果发现,控释氮肥A₂、D可以实现养分释放与小麦生长需求相同步,相比OPT处理,3年平均氮肥表观回收率、氮素吸收分别提高6.4%—26%、2.8%—12%,产量增加1.7%—5.6%。潮土（德州、菏泽）上的结果表明,与OPT处理相比,A₂连续3年均能维持小麦高产;其他控释氮肥处理的应用效果年际间差异较大,随着试验的进行逐年稳定,2015—2016年,A₂、C处理使德州和菏泽的小麦分别增产1.4%—8.3%和1.5%—4.8%;综合3年的结果,与OPT处理相比,A₂、C具有比较稳定的增产趋势。【结论】控释氮肥的应用效果因土壤类型不同而不同,控释氮肥田间氮素释放与小麦氮素需求相匹配是促进小麦产量增加的关键。

关键词: 控释氮肥, 土壤类型, 氮素需求, 养分释放, 时空匹配

Abstract:

【Objective】 It is very important to investigate the suitable controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) for different soil types which can provide scientific basis and technical support for one-off application of CRF during wheat production. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CRF on wheat yield from the perspectives of wheat nutrient uptake and soil nutrient supplying.【Method】Field experiments were conducted at different experimental sites (TA, ZMD, DZ, HZ and SJZ) in three years (2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016). There were eight treatments: Control (CON), OPT and CRF (A₁, A₂, B, C, D and E) treatments. 【Result】The field results at TA showed that treatments A₂, C and E were benefit for improving wheat population and increasing grain yield because of the synchronization of nitrogen (N) release with N requirement. The average result of three years showed that, compared with OPT, the early winter tillers, the maximum tillers and the effective tillers of A₂, C and E treatments improved 5.7%-14.7%, 10.9%-22.2% and 4.5%-6.0%, respectively. The yield of A₂, C and E treatments increased 2.6%-4.6%. The three-year results at ZMD showed that nitrogen recovery use efficiency (NRE) and total N uptake under A₂, C and E treatments increased 7.7%-11% and 4.3%-5.3% than OPT treatment, respectively. The field results of SJZ showed that A₂ and D synchronized N release with N requirement of wheat. The average results of three years showed that the NRE and total N uptake of A₂ and D treatments increased by 6.4%-26% and 2.8%-12%, respectively, and the yield increased by 1.7%-5.6% compared with the OPT treatment. The results at DZ and HZ showed that A₂ maintained high yield of wheat in three consecutive years compared with OPT. The application effect of other CRF treatments varied greatly from year to year, but with the implementation of the experiment, the application effect had been stable year by year. Compared with OPT treatment, the yield of A₂ and C treatments at DZ and HZ in 2015-2016 improved 1.4%-8.3% and 1.5%-4.8%, respectively. Overall, A₂ and C showed a steady trend of grain yield increase compared with OPT.【Conclusion】The application effect of CRF varied with soil type. The synchronization of N release in the field with N requirement of wheat was essential to improve yield.

Key words: controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers, soil types, nitrogen requirement, nutrient release, spatio-temporal matching

吴小宾, 谭德水, 林海涛, 朱国梁, 李子双, 和爱玲, 郭建华, 刘兆辉. 冬小麦一次性施肥氮肥产品筛选与产量效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3863-3875.

XiaoBin WU, DeShui TAN, HaiTao LIN, GuoLiang ZHU, ZiShuang LI, AiLing HE, JianHua GUO, ZhaoHui LIU. Yield Effect and Nitrogen Fertilizer Screening of One-off Application of Controlled Release Fertilizer for Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3863-3875.

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图/表 9

表1

表2

表3

表4

图1

表5

2013—2016年不同试验地点和氮肥处理的小麦产量构成"

处理 Treatment	穗数(×10⁴) spikes/(666.7 m²)			穗粒数Grains/spike			千粒重1000-grain weight (g)
处理 Treatment	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016
泰安 TA
对照 CON	43.5d	39.8c	44.0b	30.4ab	34.9c	31.6b	45.9bc	39.2a	47.5a
优化施肥 OPT	45.9cd	44.7ab	49.9a	32.2a	36.7bc	34.3a	46.5ab	37.9bc	44.3bc
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	47.2bc	42.9bc	49.4a	31.1ab	38.7ab	34.2a	44.7c	37.0bc	44.9bc
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	50.3a	46.1ab	50.3a	29.9b	38.8ab	33.8ab	46.2abc	37.8abc	44.0c
控释氮肥B (B)	48.7abc	45.9ab	50.9a	30.9ab	37.8ab	35.2a	47.5a	38.5ab	45.2b
控释氮肥C (C)	50.4a	47.1a	51.3a	30.1ab	39.6a	34.6a	46.0abc	37.9abc	44.9bc
控释氮肥D (D)	49.8ab	44.0ab	51.1a	31.2ab	38.5ab	34.4a	44.9c	36.4c	45.0bc
控释氮肥E (E)	50.0ab	45.4ab	51.8a	29.9b	38.2ab	34.6a	45.8bc	38.6ab	44.9bc
德州 DZ
对照 CON	21.2d	11.5b	11.5d	17.7d	11.8d	15.3c	41.0b	39.0c	41.9c
优化施肥 OPT	24.0bc	21.2a	21.2bc	36.0a	27.3c	27.8b	51.2a	48.7a	52.9a
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	24.7b	21.8a	21.8ab	29.0c	27.8bc	29.3ab	52.9a	45.6b	50.0b
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	25.8a	20.6a	22.7a	30.0bc	27.4c	29.0ab	53.1a	48.8a	49.7b
控释氮肥B (B)	24.7b	21.8a	20.5bc	31.3b	29.7ab	29.0ab	51.0a	46.7ab	50.4ab
控释氮肥C (C)	24.4b	21.6a	20.4bc	30.0bc	30.4a	29.4a	53.3a	46.4ab	49.8b
控释氮肥D (D)	23.2c	20.5a	20.5bc	28.7c	29.1abc	29.2ab	53.8a	47.8ab	51.3ab
控释氮肥E (E)	23.8c	21.0a	20.3c	28.7c	30.8a	29.8a	53.3a	49.3a	49.7b
驻马店 ZMD
对照 CON	31.5b	31.6b	31.5b	35.3b	34.8b	35.0b	40.5b	40.3b	40.3b
优化施肥 OPT	37.5a	37.5a	39.2a	36.3a	36.3a	36.7a	41.8b	41.5b	42.5a
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	37.6a	37.3a	37.2a	36.2a	36.0a	35.8a	42.6a	42.6a	42.5a
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	38.2a	37.9a	38.0a	36.4a	36.2a	36.0a	42.8a	42.6a	42.5a
控释氮肥B (B)	37.8a	37.8a	37.7a	36.3a	36.3a	36.2a	42.6a	42.6a	42.6a
控释氮肥C (C)	39.0a	38.8a	38.7a	36.3a	36.3a	36.0a	42.5ab	42.3ab	42.2ab
控释氮肥D (D)	38.5a	38.0a	38.2a	36.2a	36.2a	36.4a	42.5ab	42.4ab	42.2ab
控释氮肥E (E)	38.4a	38.8a	39.2a	36.5a	36.5a	36.5a	42.6a	42.6a	42.3ab

表5

图2

表6

图3

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试验地点 Experimental sites	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	土壤类型 Soil type	年均气温 Mean temperature (℃)	年均降水量 Average rainfall (mm)	小麦品种 Wheat variety
泰安Tai’an (TA)	117°08′ E, 36°11′ N	砂姜黑土Shajiang black soil	13.6	903.2	鲁麦22 Lumai 22
德州Dezhou (DZ)	116°20′ E, 37°21′ N	潮土Fluvo-aquic soil	12.9	547.5	济麦22 Jimai 22
驻马店Zhumadian (ZMD)	114°05′ E, 33°26′ N	砂姜黑土Shajiang black soil	15.5	784.8	新农979 Xinnong 979
菏泽Heze (HZ)	115°29′ E, 35°09′ N	潮土Fluvo-aquic soil	13.7	655.7	矮抗58 Aikang 58
石家庄Shijiazhuang (SJZ)	114°23′ E, 38°08′ N	褐土Cinnamon soil	12.0	560.0	邢麦6号 Xingmai 6

试验地点 Experimental sites	pH	有机质 Organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	无机氮 N_min(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 available K (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)
泰安TA	6.99	17.0	1.6	—	175	47.5
德州DZ	8.01	7.2	1.4	—	77.2	25.9
驻马店ZMD	6.20	15.1	1.1	—	164	13.7
菏泽HZ	8.10	12.3	—	18.3	105	13.9
石家庄SJZ	8.50	17.4	1.1	—	132	44.9

因素 Factor	产量Yield		吸氮量N uptake		氮肥表观回收率NRE
因素 Factor	df	F	df	F	df	F
年份Year	2	16.8***	2	9.18***	2	94.9***
地点Site	4	460***	1	1320***	1	1069***
处理Treatment	7	294***	7	296***	6	5.77***
年份×地点 (Year×Site)	8	7.82***	2	0.07ns	2	143***
年份×处理 (Year×Treatment)	14	2.74***	14	2.78**	12	1.30ns
地点×处理 (Site×Treatment)	28	20.2***	7	25.5***	6	10.3***
年份×地点×处理 (Year×Site×Treatment)	56	2.83***	14	3.78***	12	1.89*

处理 Treatment	泰安 TA			德州 DZ
处理 Treatment	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016	2013-2014		2014-2015		2015-2016
冬前分蘖Early winter tillers (×10⁴ tillers/667m²)
对照 CON	47.6bc	74.0c	75.4c	50.3b		46.9b		47.9b
优化施肥 OPT	43.6c	82.1b	78.4c	71.9a		66.9a		67.4a
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	44.8c	81.5b	78.1c	71.9a		66.9a		68.1a
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	56.9a	87.8a	89.2a	74.1a		68.9a		69.6a
控释氮肥B (B)	44.2c	82.4ab	80.5bc	69.0a		64.3a		64.8a
控释氮肥C (C)	49.2abc	85.0ab	81.5bc	65.4a		60.9a		64.4a
控释氮肥D (D)	51.0abc	86.2ab	87.7ab	68.3a		63.6a		66.7a
控释氮肥E (E)	55.8bc	88.1a	80.9bc	67.6a		62.9a		66.4a
最大分蘖Maximum tillers (×10⁴ tillers/667m²)
对照 CON	91.4d	115c	103d	58.5d	54.5d		62.7e
优化施肥 OPT	118c	119c	105cd	83.9abc	78.1abc		85.7ab
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	142ab	142b	110bc	96.8a	90.1a		91.8a
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	119c	148ab	114abc	91.5ab	85.2ab		90.9a
控释氮肥B (B)	124c	156a	113abc	82.1bc	76.4bc		81.2bc
控释氮肥C (C)	135b	143b	116ab	73.7c	68.6c		69.6de
控释氮肥D (D)	145a	156a	120ab	81.2bc	75.6bc		75.7cd
控释氮肥E (E)	140ab	156a	122a	76.1c	70.9c		72.7cd
有效分蘖Effective tillers (×10⁴ tillers/667m²)
对照 CON	43.5d	39.8c	44.0b	21.2d	11.5b		12.8b
优化施肥 OPT	45.9cd	44.7ab	49.9a	24.0bc	21.2a		21.8a
控释氮肥A₁ (A₁)	47.2bc	42.9bc	49.4a	24.7b	21.8a		21.9a
控释氮肥A₂ (A₂)	50.3a	46.1ab	50.3a	25.8a	20.6a		21.8a
控释氮肥B (B)	48.7abc	45.9ab	50.9a	24.7b	21.8a		21.1a
控释氮肥C (C)	50.4a	47.1a	51.3a	24.4b	21.6a		20.4a
控释氮肥D (D)	49.8ab	44.0ab	51.1a	23.2c	20.5a		22.3a
控释氮肥E (E)	50.0ab	45.4ab	51.8a	23.8bc	21.0a		21.3a

冬小麦一次性施肥氮肥产品筛选与产量效应

Yield Effect and Nitrogen Fertilizer Screening of One-off Application of Controlled Release Fertilizer for Winter Wheat

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试验地点 Experimental sites		N (kg·hm^-2)			P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
试验地点 Experimental sites		播前BS	拔节期JS	总量Total	P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
泰安 TA	CON	0	0	0	105	75
	OPT	112.5	112.5	225	105	75
	CRF (A₁-E)	225	0	225	105	75
德州 DZ	CON	0	0	0	105	75
	OPT	112.5	112.5	225	105	75
	CRF (A₁-E)	225	0	225	105	75
驻马店 ZMD	CON	0	0	0	90	90
	OPT	97.5	97.5	195	90	90
	CRF (A₁-E)	195	0	195	90	90
菏泽 HZ	CON	0	0	0	135	67.5
	OPT	134.4	105.6	240	135	67.5
	CRF (A₁-E)	240	0	240	135	67.5
石家庄 SJZ	CON	0	0	0	90	80
	OPT	100	100	200	90	80
	CRF (A₁-E)	200	0	200	90	80

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