中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (20): 3863-3875.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.005
吴小宾1(), 谭德水1(
), 林海涛1, 朱国梁2, 李子双3, 和爱玲4, 郭建华5, 刘兆辉1
收稿日期:
2018-01-18
接受日期:
2018-07-17
出版日期:
2018-10-16
发布日期:
2018-10-16
作者简介:
联系方式:吴小宾,E-mail:
基金资助:
XiaoBin WU1(), DeShui TAN1(
), HaiTao LIN1, GuoLiang ZHU2, ZiShuang LI3, AiLing HE4, JianHua GUO5, ZhaoHui LIU1(
)
Received:
2018-01-18
Accepted:
2018-07-17
Online:
2018-10-16
Published:
2018-10-16
摘要:
【目的】针对不同的土壤类型,筛选适宜的控释氮肥类型,为控释氮肥的高效施用以及冬小麦一次性施肥提供科学依据与技术支撑。【方法】基于2013—2016年多点的大田试验,设置对照(CON)、优化施肥处理(OPT)和6种不同类型的控释氮肥(A1、A2、B、C、D和E)处理,研究控释氮肥在不同地区(泰安、驻马店、德州、菏泽和石家庄)的应用效果,从作物养分吸收与土壤养分供应两方面研究和分析不同控释氮肥对小麦的增产效应。【结果】泰安砂姜黑土试验点A2、C、E的氮素释放规律与小麦生长需求较为吻合,且与OPT处理相比,3年平均冬前分蘖、最大分蘖和有效分蘖分别增加5.7%—14.7%、10.9%—22.2%和4.5%—6.0%,产量增加2.6%—4.6%。驻马店砂姜黑土3年平均结果表明,A2、C和E较OPT处理提高了氮肥表观回收率和氮素吸收,分别提高7.7%—11%和4.3%—5.3%。石家庄褐土上的结果发现,控释氮肥A2、D可以实现养分释放与小麦生长需求相同步,相比OPT处理,3年平均氮肥表观回收率、氮素吸收分别提高6.4%—26%、2.8%—12%,产量增加1.7%—5.6%。潮土(德州、菏泽)上的结果表明,与OPT处理相比,A2连续3年均能维持小麦高产;其他控释氮肥处理的应用效果年际间差异较大,随着试验的进行逐年稳定,2015—2016年,A2、C处理使德州和菏泽的小麦分别增产1.4%—8.3%和1.5%—4.8%;综合3年的结果,与OPT处理相比,A2、C具有比较稳定的增产趋势。【结论】控释氮肥的应用效果因土壤类型不同而不同,控释氮肥田间氮素释放与小麦氮素需求相匹配是促进小麦产量增加的关键。
吴小宾, 谭德水, 林海涛, 朱国梁, 李子双, 和爱玲, 郭建华, 刘兆辉. 冬小麦一次性施肥氮肥产品筛选与产量效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3863-3875.
XiaoBin WU, DeShui TAN, HaiTao LIN, GuoLiang ZHU, ZiShuang LI, AiLing HE, JianHua GUO, ZhaoHui LIU. Yield Effect and Nitrogen Fertilizer Screening of One-off Application of Controlled Release Fertilizer for Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3863-3875.
表1
各试验点具体情况"
试验地点 Experimental sites | 经纬度 Longitude and latitude | 土壤类型 Soil type | 年均气温 Mean temperature (℃) | 年均降水量 Average rainfall (mm) | 小麦品种 Wheat variety |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
泰安Tai’an (TA) | 117°08′ E, 36°11′ N | 砂姜黑土Shajiang black soil | 13.6 | 903.2 | 鲁麦22 Lumai 22 |
德州Dezhou (DZ) | 116°20′ E, 37°21′ N | 潮土Fluvo-aquic soil | 12.9 | 547.5 | 济麦22 Jimai 22 |
驻马店Zhumadian (ZMD) | 114°05′ E, 33°26′ N | 砂姜黑土Shajiang black soil | 15.5 | 784.8 | 新农979 Xinnong 979 |
菏泽Heze (HZ) | 115°29′ E, 35°09′ N | 潮土Fluvo-aquic soil | 13.7 | 655.7 | 矮抗58 Aikang 58 |
石家庄Shijiazhuang (SJZ) | 114°23′ E, 38°08′ N | 褐土Cinnamon soil | 12.0 | 560.0 | 邢麦6号 Xingmai 6 |
表2
各试验地点基础土壤理化性质"
试验地点 Experimental sites | pH | 有机质 Organic carbon (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) | 无机氮 Nmin (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 available K (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
泰安TA | 6.99 | 17.0 | 1.6 | — | 175 | 47.5 |
德州DZ | 8.01 | 7.2 | 1.4 | — | 77.2 | 25.9 |
驻马店ZMD | 6.20 | 15.1 | 1.1 | — | 164 | 13.7 |
菏泽HZ | 8.10 | 12.3 | — | 18.3 | 105 | 13.9 |
石家庄SJZ | 8.50 | 17.4 | 1.1 | — | 132 | 44.9 |
表3
不同试验地点的施肥量及各处理氮肥的基肥与追肥用量"
试验地点 Experimental sites | N (kg·hm-2) | P2O5 (kg·hm-2) | K2O (kg·hm-2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
播前BS | 拔节期JS | 总量Total | ||||
泰安 TA | CON | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 | 75 |
OPT | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 | 105 | 75 | |
CRF (A1-E) | 225 | 0 | 225 | 105 | 75 | |
德州 DZ | CON | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 | 75 |
OPT | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 | 105 | 75 | |
CRF (A1-E) | 225 | 0 | 225 | 105 | 75 | |
驻马店 ZMD | CON | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 |
OPT | 97.5 | 97.5 | 195 | 90 | 90 | |
CRF (A1-E) | 195 | 0 | 195 | 90 | 90 | |
菏泽 HZ | CON | 0 | 0 | 0 | 135 | 67.5 |
OPT | 134.4 | 105.6 | 240 | 135 | 67.5 | |
CRF (A1-E) | 240 | 0 | 240 | 135 | 67.5 | |
石家庄 SJZ | CON | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 80 |
OPT | 100 | 100 | 200 | 90 | 80 | |
CRF (A1-E) | 200 | 0 | 200 | 90 | 80 |
表4
年份、地点和试验处理对小麦产量、吸氮量和氮肥表观回收率的方差分析结果"
因素 Factor | 产量Yield | 吸氮量N uptake | 氮肥表观回收率NRE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | F | df | F | df | F | |
年份Year | 2 | 16.8*** | 2 | 9.18*** | 2 | 94.9*** |
地点Site | 4 | 460*** | 1 | 1320*** | 1 | 1069*** |
处理Treatment | 7 | 294*** | 7 | 296*** | 6 | 5.77*** |
年份×地点 (Year×Site) | 8 | 7.82*** | 2 | 0.07ns | 2 | 143*** |
年份×处理 (Year×Treatment) | 14 | 2.74*** | 14 | 2.78** | 12 | 1.30ns |
地点×处理 (Site×Treatment) | 28 | 20.2*** | 7 | 25.5*** | 6 | 10.3*** |
年份×地点×处理 (Year×Site×Treatment) | 56 | 2.83*** | 14 | 3.78*** | 12 | 1.89* |
表5
2013—2016年不同试验地点和氮肥处理的小麦产量构成"
处理 Treatment | 穗数(×104) spikes/(666.7 m2) | 穗粒数Grains/spike | 千粒重1000-grain weight (g) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | 2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | 2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | |
泰安 TA | |||||||||
对照 CON | 43.5d | 39.8c | 44.0b | 30.4ab | 34.9c | 31.6b | 45.9bc | 39.2a | 47.5a |
优化施肥 OPT | 45.9cd | 44.7ab | 49.9a | 32.2a | 36.7bc | 34.3a | 46.5ab | 37.9bc | 44.3bc |
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 47.2bc | 42.9bc | 49.4a | 31.1ab | 38.7ab | 34.2a | 44.7c | 37.0bc | 44.9bc |
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 50.3a | 46.1ab | 50.3a | 29.9b | 38.8ab | 33.8ab | 46.2abc | 37.8abc | 44.0c |
控释氮肥B (B) | 48.7abc | 45.9ab | 50.9a | 30.9ab | 37.8ab | 35.2a | 47.5a | 38.5ab | 45.2b |
控释氮肥C (C) | 50.4a | 47.1a | 51.3a | 30.1ab | 39.6a | 34.6a | 46.0abc | 37.9abc | 44.9bc |
控释氮肥D (D) | 49.8ab | 44.0ab | 51.1a | 31.2ab | 38.5ab | 34.4a | 44.9c | 36.4c | 45.0bc |
控释氮肥E (E) | 50.0ab | 45.4ab | 51.8a | 29.9b | 38.2ab | 34.6a | 45.8bc | 38.6ab | 44.9bc |
德州 DZ | |||||||||
对照 CON | 21.2d | 11.5b | 11.5d | 17.7d | 11.8d | 15.3c | 41.0b | 39.0c | 41.9c |
优化施肥 OPT | 24.0bc | 21.2a | 21.2bc | 36.0a | 27.3c | 27.8b | 51.2a | 48.7a | 52.9a |
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 24.7b | 21.8a | 21.8ab | 29.0c | 27.8bc | 29.3ab | 52.9a | 45.6b | 50.0b |
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 25.8a | 20.6a | 22.7a | 30.0bc | 27.4c | 29.0ab | 53.1a | 48.8a | 49.7b |
控释氮肥B (B) | 24.7b | 21.8a | 20.5bc | 31.3b | 29.7ab | 29.0ab | 51.0a | 46.7ab | 50.4ab |
控释氮肥C (C) | 24.4b | 21.6a | 20.4bc | 30.0bc | 30.4a | 29.4a | 53.3a | 46.4ab | 49.8b |
控释氮肥D (D) | 23.2c | 20.5a | 20.5bc | 28.7c | 29.1abc | 29.2ab | 53.8a | 47.8ab | 51.3ab |
控释氮肥E (E) | 23.8c | 21.0a | 20.3c | 28.7c | 30.8a | 29.8a | 53.3a | 49.3a | 49.7b |
驻马店 ZMD | |||||||||
对照 CON | 31.5b | 31.6b | 31.5b | 35.3b | 34.8b | 35.0b | 40.5b | 40.3b | 40.3b |
优化施肥 OPT | 37.5a | 37.5a | 39.2a | 36.3a | 36.3a | 36.7a | 41.8b | 41.5b | 42.5a |
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 37.6a | 37.3a | 37.2a | 36.2a | 36.0a | 35.8a | 42.6a | 42.6a | 42.5a |
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 38.2a | 37.9a | 38.0a | 36.4a | 36.2a | 36.0a | 42.8a | 42.6a | 42.5a |
控释氮肥B (B) | 37.8a | 37.8a | 37.7a | 36.3a | 36.3a | 36.2a | 42.6a | 42.6a | 42.6a |
控释氮肥C (C) | 39.0a | 38.8a | 38.7a | 36.3a | 36.3a | 36.0a | 42.5ab | 42.3ab | 42.2ab |
控释氮肥D (D) | 38.5a | 38.0a | 38.2a | 36.2a | 36.2a | 36.4a | 42.5ab | 42.4ab | 42.2ab |
控释氮肥E (E) | 38.4a | 38.8a | 39.2a | 36.5a | 36.5a | 36.5a | 42.6a | 42.6a | 42.3ab |
表6
不同控释氮肥处理对群体发育的影响"
处理 Treatment | 泰安 TA | 德州 DZ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | 2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | |||
冬前分蘖Early winter tillers (×104 tillers/667m2) | ||||||||
对照 CON | 47.6bc | 74.0c | 75.4c | 50.3b | 46.9b | 47.9b | ||
优化施肥 OPT | 43.6c | 82.1b | 78.4c | 71.9a | 66.9a | 67.4a | ||
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 44.8c | 81.5b | 78.1c | 71.9a | 66.9a | 68.1a | ||
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 56.9a | 87.8a | 89.2a | 74.1a | 68.9a | 69.6a | ||
控释氮肥B (B) | 44.2c | 82.4ab | 80.5bc | 69.0a | 64.3a | 64.8a | ||
控释氮肥C (C) | 49.2abc | 85.0ab | 81.5bc | 65.4a | 60.9a | 64.4a | ||
控释氮肥D (D) | 51.0abc | 86.2ab | 87.7ab | 68.3a | 63.6a | 66.7a | ||
控释氮肥E (E) | 55.8bc | 88.1a | 80.9bc | 67.6a | 62.9a | 66.4a | ||
最大分蘖Maximum tillers (×104 tillers/667m2) | ||||||||
对照 CON | 91.4d | 115c | 103d | 58.5d | 54.5d | 62.7e | ||
优化施肥 OPT | 118c | 119c | 105cd | 83.9abc | 78.1abc | 85.7ab | ||
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 142ab | 142b | 110bc | 96.8a | 90.1a | 91.8a | ||
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 119c | 148ab | 114abc | 91.5ab | 85.2ab | 90.9a | ||
控释氮肥B (B) | 124c | 156a | 113abc | 82.1bc | 76.4bc | 81.2bc | ||
控释氮肥C (C) | 135b | 143b | 116ab | 73.7c | 68.6c | 69.6de | ||
控释氮肥D (D) | 145a | 156a | 120ab | 81.2bc | 75.6bc | 75.7cd | ||
控释氮肥E (E) | 140ab | 156a | 122a | 76.1c | 70.9c | 72.7cd | ||
有效分蘖Effective tillers (×104 tillers/667m2) | ||||||||
对照 CON | 43.5d | 39.8c | 44.0b | 21.2d | 11.5b | 12.8b | ||
优化施肥 OPT | 45.9cd | 44.7ab | 49.9a | 24.0bc | 21.2a | 21.8a | ||
控释氮肥A1 (A1) | 47.2bc | 42.9bc | 49.4a | 24.7b | 21.8a | 21.9a | ||
控释氮肥A2 (A2) | 50.3a | 46.1ab | 50.3a | 25.8a | 20.6a | 21.8a | ||
控释氮肥B (B) | 48.7abc | 45.9ab | 50.9a | 24.7b | 21.8a | 21.1a | ||
控释氮肥C (C) | 50.4a | 47.1a | 51.3a | 24.4b | 21.6a | 20.4a | ||
控释氮肥D (D) | 49.8ab | 44.0ab | 51.1a | 23.2c | 20.5a | 22.3a | ||
控释氮肥E (E) | 50.0ab | 45.4ab | 51.8a | 23.8bc | 21.0a | 21.3a |
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