中国主要土壤有效磷演变及其与磷平衡的响应关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确土壤有效磷的演变规律及其与磷平衡(土壤磷输入减去磷输出)的响应关系，为指导磷肥施用以及管理有效磷水平提供依据。【方法】选取21个农业部国家耕地质量长期监测点，分析常规施肥条件下中国主要5种类型土壤上有效磷的演变规律与土壤磷素的平衡状况，得到单位磷平衡的有效磷变化量（即有效磷效率），同时对土壤的有效磷效率与土壤性质（pH、有机质、全氮和碱解氮）进行相关性分析。【结果】21个土壤监测点中有2个点的磷素出现耗竭，19个点的磷素出现累积，累积磷盈亏在-290—4 919 kg?hm^-2。在监测时间内，有14个监测点的有效磷随年份显著上升，2个监测点显著下降，其余持平。21个监测点的有效磷年均上升0.74 mg?kg^-1。81%的土壤监测点有效磷与磷平衡呈显著的正相关关系，土壤每累积100 kg P?hm^-2，褐土有效磷平均增加1.12 mg?kg^-1，变异系数为25%；黑土有效磷增加3.76 mg?kg^-1，水稻土有效磷平均增加5.01 mg?kg^-1，变异系数为52%；紫色土有效磷平均增加2.34 mg?kg^-1，变异系数为68%；灌淤土有效磷增加0.47 mg·kg^-1。有效磷效率与土壤pH呈显著的直线负相关关系（r=0.65，P＜0.01），与土壤有机质（r=0.62，P＜0.01）、全氮（r=0.52，P＜0.01）和碱解氮（r=0.63，P＜0.01）呈显著的直线正相关关系。【结论】中国主要类型土壤的有效磷效率有一定差异，范围在0.47—10.76 mg?kg^-1，有效磷效率均值在不同土类之间为水稻土＞黑土＞紫色土＞褐土＞灌淤土，且土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮与土壤有效磷效率呈显著的直线相关关系。

关键词: 有效磷；磷平衡；有效磷效率；土壤性质, 土壤类型, 中国

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study is to clarify the changes in available phosphorus (P) and its response to P balance (P input minus P output), and to provide a scientific basis for rational fertilization.【Method】Twenty-one monitoring sites of the main five types of soil in China with long-term conventional fertilization were chosen to explore the relationships of change of available P and P balance, available P efficiency (available P efficiency refers to the change of available P by the unit of accumulated P budget) and soil properties (pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen).【Result】The P was exhausted at two monitoring sites, and accumulated at nineteen sites. The P balance in different sites ranged from -290-4 919 kg·hm^-2 under conventional fertilization. Soil available P increased at 14 monitoring sites, and decreased at 2 sites. Available P increased significantly by 0.74 mg·kg^-1 each year at 21 monitoring sites. Among all the sites, 81% have a significant positive correlation between changes of available P and soil P balance. Available P increased by 1.12, 3.76, 5.01, 2.34, and 0.47 mg·kg^-1 with an average surplus of 100 kg P·hm^-2 under fluvo-aquic soil, black soil, paddy soil, purplish soil and irrigation-silted soil. And the coefficient of variation was 25%, 52% and 68% under fluvo-aquic soil, paddy soil and purplish soil. Available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH (r=0.65, P＜0.01), soil organic matter content (r=0.62, P＜0.01), total nitrogen (r=0.52, P＜0.01) and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (r=0.63, P＜0.01) .【Conclusion】The available P efficiency of different soil types ranged from 0.47-10.76 mg·kg^-1. The overall trend in available P efficiency across all soil types was paddy soil＞black soil＞purplish soil＞fluvo-aquic soil＞irrigation-silted soil. The available P efficiency in the conventional fertilization soil was significantly correlated with the soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen.

Key words: available P, P balance, available P efficiency, soil properties, soil type, China

展晓莹，任意，张淑香，康日峰. 中国主要土壤有效磷演变及其与磷平衡的响应关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(23): 4728-4737.

ZHAN Xiao-ying, REN Yi, ZHANG Shu-xiang, KANG Ri-feng. Changes in Olsen Phosphorus Concentration and Its Response to Phosphorus Balance in the Main Types of Soil in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(23): 4728-4737.

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