中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (18): 3497-3507.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.006
收稿日期:
2018-04-11
接受日期:
2018-07-13
出版日期:
2018-09-16
发布日期:
2018-09-16
作者简介:
联系方式:王晓鸣,E-mail:
基金资助:
Received:
2018-04-11
Accepted:
2018-07-13
Online:
2018-09-16
Published:
2018-09-16
摘要:
真菌、细菌、病毒等引起的病害是玉米生产的重要威胁。在中国,玉米种植地域广,种植区生态类型多,病害种类复杂,常见病害有30余种。中国的玉米病害研究历史不足百年,从事研究的专业人员也较少,导致玉米病害知识的传播受到一定影响,其表现之一就是我国在一些玉米病害病原名称的采用上存在明显混乱,已被弃用的旧病原名称还在普遍应用。这种现状影响了玉米病害科学研究信息在国内和国际上的正常交流。本文梳理了瘤黑粉病、丝黑穗病、红叶病、北方炭疽病、圆斑病、黑束病6种玉米病害病原学名的历史变迁,重点结合近年在形态学和分子系统分类学等方面的研究进展,明确了这6种病害病原在目前应该采用的正确名称。(1)玉米瘤黑粉病病原无论是形态学和分子生物学都有别于Ustilago属物种的特征,已恢复其名称为1912年命名的Mycosarcoma maydis (DC.) Bref.(玉蜀黍瘿黑粉菌),曾被广为采用的Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda(玉蜀黍黑粉菌)成为异名;(2)基于Sporisorium属与Sphacelotheca在寄主科选择上的差异以及对玉米丝黑穗病致病菌的形态学、寄主病害特征和多基因序列分析的结果,Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Fullerton.(丝孢堆黑粉菌)被确定为玉米丝黑穗病病原的正确名称,而Sphacelotheca reiliana (J.G.Kühn) Clinton成为异名之一。由于Sporisorium reilianum种内存在对玉米和高粱的致病性分化,玉米致病菌又可称为Sporisorium reilianum f.sp.zeae(丝孢堆黑粉菌玉米专化型);(3)普遍认为大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起玉米红叶病,但近年通过对致病病毒的测序,明确了多种病毒和株系是该病的病原。在中国,引起玉米红叶病的为马铃薯卷叶病毒属(Polerovirus)的小麦黄矮病毒-GPV(Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV)和玉米黄矮病毒-RMV(Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV);(4)尽管在形态学方面有许多相似性,但通过多基因序列的比较研究,证明Kabatiella属完全有别于Aureobasidium属,因此,玉米北方炭疽病病原的学名应该采用Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka(玉蜀黍球梗孢),Aureobasidium zeae (Narita et Hiratsuka) Dingley作为异名处理;(5)分生孢子呈蠕孢状的真菌经历了数次属的变化,但形态学、基因序列信息、生活史、次生代谢物等特征的研究表明,引起玉米圆斑病的病原Bipolaris zeicola (G.L. Stout) Shoemaker(玉米生平脐蠕孢)是一个独立的物种,其无性态名称的保留得到了国际真菌命名委员会的同意;(6)对物种名称Cephalosporium acremonium的长期混乱使用使得其已经失去了纯粹种的含义,而Acremonium拥有150余个种并对应多个有性态属,已经成为了一个庞杂属。大量的分子生物学特征研究揭示了Acremonium属的异质性,以分子特征和形态学结合的方法,重新划分和新建了相关的属,Sarocladium strictum (W.Gams) Summerbell(直帚枝杆孢)成为了玉米黑束病病菌的新种名,而Cephalosporium acremonium Corda和Acremonium strictum Gams是其异名。
王晓鸣. 六种重要玉米病害病原名称的厘定[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3497-3507.
XiaoMing WANG. Collation of Scientific Names of Six Maize Disease Pathogens[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3497-3507.
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