日粮添加亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸对荷斯坦公犊生长性能及血清代谢物的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.21.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究日粮添加亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸对犊牛生长性能和血清代谢物的影响，为亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸在奶牛高效生产中的应用提供理论参考。【方法】试验选取20头1日龄体重为（38±3）kg的荷斯坦公犊，随机分为4组，分别为对照组、亮氨酸组（1.435 g·L^-1）、苯丙氨酸组（0.725 g·L^-1）、混合氨基酸组（1.435 g·L^-1亮氨酸和0.725 g·L^-1苯丙氨酸），每组5头牛，各组以丙氨酸调节为等氮日粮。犊牛单独饲喂，试验共8周，预试期1周，正试期7周。试验犊牛单圈饲养，试验日粮由原奶和开食料组成。犊牛出生后，1 h内饲喂4.0 L初乳。此后1周为过渡期，日喂原奶2次，每次3.0 L。过渡期内以氨基酸添加量的20%为梯度逐天增加，至出生第6 天达到添加量的100%。2—8周为正试期，日饲喂添加氨基酸的原奶2次。第2—3周每次3.5 L，4—8周每次4.0 L。第3周开始定量供给开食料，自由饮水。在犊牛1、3、5、7、8周龄测定体重、体高、体斜长和胸围，计算体躯指数和体长指数；采集10 mL血液用于获得血清，并检测其氨基酸组成、葡萄糖、尿素氮、胰岛素和胆囊收缩素。采用IBM SPSS Statistics V22.0 统计软件GLM过程进行统计分析，采用LSD法进行多重比较。【结果】混合氨基酸组平均日增重显著低于其余3组（P＜0.05）。相对于对照组，各处理组显著提高最终体斜长（P＜0.05）。亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸具有降低最终体高的趋势（P＜0.10），而苯丙氨酸显著降低最终胸围（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，亮氨酸组和混合氨基酸组显著提高犊牛8周龄体躯指数（P＜0.05）。但各组犊牛初始体重、体斜长、体高、胸围、体躯指数、体长指数和最终体重及体躯指数无显著差异（P＞0.05）。添加亮氨酸显著提高血清组氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸和总必需氨基酸的浓度（P＜0.05），趋于增加天冬氨酸和总氨酸浓度（P＜0.10），但显著降低丙氨酸和甘氨酸浓度（P＜0.05）。苯丙氨酸显著提高血清苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸和甘氨酸浓度（P＜0.05），对照组因添加丙氨酸调节为等氮日粮，其血清丙氨酸浓度显著高于亮氨酸组与混合氨基酸组（P＜0.05）。苯丙氨酸和亮氨酸对血清各种氨基酸浓度无交互效应（P＞0.05）。亮氨酸显著提高血清葡萄糖浓度（P＜0.05），苯丙氨酸降低血清葡萄糖浓度（P＜0.05），且与亮氨酸存在负交互效应（P＜0.05）。此外，苯丙氨酸显著提高血清尿素氮含量（P＜0.05），但亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸添加对血清中胰岛素及胆囊收缩素浓度无显著影响（P＞0.05）。【结论】日粮中添加亮氨酸可提高犊牛血清部分必需氨基酸、葡萄糖浓度、8周龄体躯指数和平均日增重。从以上指标可见，亮氨酸添加效果优于苯丙氨酸，但二者在影响血清葡萄糖浓度方面存在负交互效应。

关键词: 亮氨酸, 苯丙氨酸, 犊牛, 生长性能, 血清代谢物

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of the study was to know the effect of leucine and phenylalanine supplementation on growth performance and serum metabolites of Holstein male calves. The study could provide a reference for the high efficient use of leucine and phenylalanine on dairy cows.【Method】A total of 20 Holstein male calves (birth weight (38±3) kg) were randomly assigned into treatment groups of control, L (1.435 g·L^-1 leucine), P (0.725 g·L^-1 phenylalanine), M (1.435 g·L^-1 leucine and 0.725 g·L^-1 phenylalanine), and each treatment added alanine as isonitrogenous diet. The experiment lasted for eight weeks, one week for adaption and seven weeks for feeding experiment. The calves were fed individually. Within one hour after birth, each calf was fed 4.0 L of colostrum. During the first week, the calves were fed their assigned milk twice daily, 3.0 L each. For adaption, the amino acid supplementation was increased 20% daily until it reached 100% of the target supplementation on the sixth day after birth. From week 2 to 3, the calves were fed their assigned milk twice a day, 3.5 L each, while from week 4 to 8, the volume of the milk fed increased to 4 L each time. From the third week after birth of the calves, a quantitative supply of the starter feed was provided, with free access to the drinking water. Body weight, withers height, body length, heart girth, heart girth/body length, body length/withers height were recorded at the 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 week old, respectively. At the same time, 10 mL of blood was drawn from the jugular vein and placed at a tilted angle for serum precipitation. The serum samples were used to determine the amino acids, glucose, serum urea nitrogen, insulin, and cholecysto-kinin, respectively. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of IBM SPSS Statistics V22.0 software, differences among treatments were compared using LSD’s multiple range tests.【Result】Average daily gain in M group was significantly lower than control, L and P groups (P＜0.05). Compared with control group, other three groups significantly increased the final body length (P＜0.05). L and M treatments tended to increase the final wither height (P＜0.10), while P treatment significantly decreased the final heart girth (P＜0.05). Compared with control group, L and M treatments significantly increased the heart girth/body length (P＜0.05), whereas no difference in initial body weight, body length, wither height, heart girth, heart girth/body length, body length/withers height, final body weight and final body length/withers height was found among treatments (P＞0.05). L treatment significantly increased the concentrations of histidine, leucine, threonine, glycine, and total essential amino acids (P＜0.05), tended to increase the concentrations of aspartate and total amino acids (P＜0.10), while significantly decreased the concentrations of alanine and glycine (P＜0.05). P treatment significantly increased the concentrations of phenylalanine, glutamate and glycine (P＜0.05). Compared with L and M groups, control group significantly increased the concentrations of serum alanine (P＜0.05). For serum concentrations of amino acids, no significant interactions between L and P treatments were detected in our study (P＜0.05). L treatment significantly increased the concentrations of glucose (P＜0.05), while P treatment significantly decreased the concentrations of glucose (P＜0.05). For serum concentrations of glucose, significant interactions between L and P treatments were detected in our study (P＜0.05). Serum urea nitrogen in P group was significantly higher than other three groups (P＜0.05), whereas no difference in concentration of insulin and cholecysto-kinin were found among treatments (P＞0.05).【Conclusion】In conclusion, leucine supplementation had a better effect than that of phenylalanine on the serum concentration of essential amino acids, glucose, heart girth/body length and average daily gain of Holstein male calves, whereas negative interactions existed between the two kinds of supplementation.

Key words: leucine, phenylalanine, calves, growth performance, serum metabolites

杨昕涧，曹阳春，郑辰，刘凯，郭龙，蔡传江，刘宝龙，姚军虎. 日粮添加亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸对荷斯坦公犊生长性能及血清代谢物的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(21): 4196-4204.

YANG XinJian, CAO YangChun, ZHENG Chen, LIU Kai, GUO Long, CAI ChuanJiang, LIU BaoLong, YAO JunHu. Effect of Leucine and Phenylalanine Supplementation on Growth Performance and Serum Metabolites of Holstein Male Calves[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(21): 4196-4204.

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