不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确不同生育时期根际土壤特性与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系，能够为生产上合理施肥、提高氮素利用效率和减轻环境污染提供理论依据。【方法】2012年大田设置5个氮肥梯度固定施肥样地（对照、180 kg·hm^-2、240 kg·hm^-2、300 kg·hm^-2和360 kg·hm^-2，分别简写为CK、N180、N240、N300和N360），并于2012、2013和2014年连续3年在玉米拔节、吐丝、成熟3个关键生育时期测定玉米根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、pH，同时测定玉米根系和地上部生物量及其氮素累积量，重点分析CK、N240和N360 3个处理根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系。【结果】与CK相比，4个施肥处理（N180、N240、N300和N360）3年产量的平均值分别增加了23.85%、36.40%、39.87%和34.78%；其地上部不同阶段氮素累积量均显著高于CK（2012年播种—拔节除外），并随施肥量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与CK相比，4个施肥处理根际土硝态氮含量分别增加23.38%、57.13%、57.87%和69.74%，非根际土壤硝态氮分别增加59.49%、92.01%、132.08%和179.35%。随施氮量的增加根际土铵态氮含量显著增加；与CK相比，4个施肥处理3年的非根际土壤铵态氮含量分别增加4.27%、3.51%、5.04%和26.26%。根际土壤pH和非根际土壤pH均随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低，其中根际土壤和非根际土壤pH的变化范围分别为4.5—6.7和5.5—7.2。与非根际土pH相比，根际土壤pH平均降低5%。根际土壤脲酶活性随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与对照相比，4个施氮处理3年非根际土壤脲酶活性平均值分别增加了4.02%、14.73%、24.55%和19.64%。根际土和非根际土过氧化氢酶活性均随氮肥用量的增加而降低，与CK相比，4个施氮处理3年的非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性平均值分别降低了3.03%、5.09%、8.24%和12.67%。CK、N240和N360 3个处理不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与籽粒产量之间的相关分析结果表明，拔节期根际土壤硝态氮含量连续3年均与产量呈显著正相关。吐丝期玉米根际和非根际土壤硝态氮、根际土壤铵态氮和非根际土pH均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关；其中2013和2014年根际脲酶活性和根际土壤pH与产量的相关性也达到显著水平。2013和2014年成熟期根际和非根际土硝态氮含量也与玉米产量呈显著相关。主成分分析表明，玉米籽粒产量与拔节期土壤硝态氮含量、根际过氧化氢酶、地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强；与吐丝期根际和非根际土壤硝态氮含量、根际土壤铵态氮含量和土壤pH以及地上部生物量及氮素累积量、根系生物量相关性较强；与成熟期地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强。【结论】根据不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性与籽粒产量之间的关系，进行合理施肥，能够保证玉米根际养分的有效供应，营造良好的根际土壤环境，提高氮素利用效率、增加玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 玉米产量, 氮肥, 根际土壤特性, 相关分析, 主成分分析

Abstract: 【Objective】Making the relationship between rhizosphere soil properties and maize grain yield clear could help managing nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, improving N use efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. 【Method】A field experiment with three N fertilizer treatments (Control: CK; 180 kg N·hm^-2:N180; 240 kg N·hm^-2: N240; 300 kg N·hm^-2: N300 and 360 kg N·hm^-2: N360) was established in 2012, and was carried out during maize growth periods in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, urease, catalase, pH value, root and aboveground biomass and their N accumulation were measured at critical stages during maize growth periods, and their relationships with maize grain yield were analyzed. 【Result】In comparison with CK, the maize grain yield of four N fertilizer treatments increased by 23.85%, 36.40%, 39.87% and 34.78% for the three annual average, respectively, and their aboveground N accumulation was significantly higher than that of CK. rhizosphere soil NO₃^--N content of four N fertilizer treatments for their three years average increased by 23.38%, 57.13%, 57.87% and 69.74% in comparison with the CK, and 59.49%, 92.01%, 132.08% and 179.35% for their bulk soil NO₃^--N content, respectively. With the N fertilizer rate increasing, the bulk soil NH₄⁺-N content increased by 4.27%, 3.51%, 5.04% and 26.26%, respectively. Both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil pH decreased with the increasing of N application rate, their ranges were 4.5-6.7 and 5.5-7.2, and the bulk soil pH value was 5% higher than that of rhizosphere soil. Rhizosphere soil urease activity increased with the N fertilizer rate increasing, and bulk soil urease activities of four N treatments for their three years average increased by 4.02%, 14.73%, 24.55% and 19.64%, respectively, in comparison with the CK. Bulk soil catalase activities decreased with the N fertilizer rate increasing, and reduced by 3.03%, 5.09%, 8.24% and 12.67% in four N fertilizer treatments in comparison with CK. The rhizosphere soil and bulk soil characteristics of CK, N240 and N360 treatments were used to analyze their relationship with maize yield. Pearson correlation analysis showed that rhizosphere soil NO₃^- -N content at jointing stage; rhizosphere and bulk soil NO₃^- -N, rhizosphere soil NH₄⁺-N and bulk soil pH at silking stage were all significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Rhizosphere soil urease enzyme activity and pH at silking stage in 2013 and 2014 were significantly correlated with grain yield, and rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NO₃^- -N content at maturity stage in 2013 and 2014 were also significantly correlated with the yield. Principal component analysis indicated that rhizosphere soil NO₃^- -N content, catalase activity, aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at jointing stage; rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NO₃^- -N content, rhizosphere soil NH₄⁺-N, bulk soil pH, aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at silking stage, and aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at maturity stage were all significantly correlated with grain yield.【Conclusion】All of these results indicated that according to the relationship between rhizosphere soil properties at different stages and maize grain yield, a suitable N fertilizer methods should be taken to ensure the soil available N supply, create a favorable rhizosphere soil environment, improve N utilization efficiency, and increase grain yield.

Key words: maize yield, nitrogen fertilizer, rhizosphere soil characteristics, correlation analysis, principal component analysis

张学林，徐钧，安婷婷，侯小畔，李潮海. 不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(14): 2687-2699.

ZHANG Xue-lin, XU Jun, AN Ting-ting, HOU Xiao-pan, LI Chao-hai. Relationship Between Rhizosphere Soil Properties and Yield of Maize at Different Nitrogen Levels[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(14): 2687-2699.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.004

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2016/V49/I14/2687

参考文献

[1] 姜涛. 氮肥运筹对夏玉米产量、品质及植株养分含量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(3): 559-565.

Jiang T. Effects of nitrogen application on yield, quality and nutrient content of summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2013, 19(3): 559-565. (in Chinese)

[2] Dobermann A, Cassman K G. Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia. Plant and Soil, 2002, 247: 153-175.

[3] Richardson A E, Barea J M, McNeill A M, Prigent- Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant and soil, 2009, 32: 305-339.

[4] 王宜伦, 李潮海, 谭金芳, 张许, 刘天学. 氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37(2): 339-347.

Wang Y L, Li C H, Tan J F, Zhang X, Liu T X. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of super high yield summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(2): 339-347. (in Chinese)

[5] 易镇邪, 王璞, 申丽霞, 张红芳, 刘明, 戴明宏. 不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积, 转运与氮肥利用的影响. 作物学报, 2006, 32(5): 772-778.

Yi Z X, Wang P, Shen L X, Zhang H F, Liu M, Dai M H. Effects of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation, translocation and nitrogen fertilizer utilization in summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(5): 772-778. (in Chinese)

[6] 王永军, 王空军, 董树亭, 胡昌浩, 张吉旺, 刘鹏. 氮肥用量, 时期对墨西哥玉米产量及饲用营养品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38(3): 492-497.

Wang Y J, Wang K J, Dong S T, Hu C H, Zhang J W, Liu P. Effects of different nitrogen application strategies on yield and forage nutritive quality of Zea Mexicana. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2005, 38(3): 492-497. (in Chinese)

[7] 赵营, 同延安, 赵护兵. 不同供氮水平对夏玉米养分累积,转运及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(5): 622-627.

Zhao Y, Tong Y A, Zhao H B. Effects of different N rates on nutrients accumulation, transformation and yield of summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2006, 12(5): 622-627. (in Chinese)

[8] 吕丽华, 陶洪斌, 王璞, 赵明, 赵久然, 鲁来清. 施氮量对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2008, 14(4): 630-637.

Lü L H, Tao H B, Wang P, Zhao M, Zhao J R, Lu L Q. The effect of nitrogen application rate on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2008, 14(4):630-637. (in Chinese)

[9] Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y, Shen J L, Han W X, Zhang W F, Zhang F S. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010, 327(5968): 1008-1010.

[10] Hinsinger P, Bengough A G, Vetterlein D, Young I M. Rhizosphere: biophysics, biogeochemistry and ecological relevance.Plant and Soil, 2009, 321(1/2): 117-152.

[11] Shen J, Li C, Mi G, Li L, Yuan L, Jiang R, Zhang F. Maximizing root/rhizosphere efficiency to improve crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in intensive agriculture of China.Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,64: 1181-1192.

[12] Saiz-Fernández I, De Diego N, Sampedro M C, Mena-Petite A, Ortiz-Barredo A, Lacuesta M. High nitrate supply reduces growth in maize, from cell to whole plant. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2015, 173: 120-129.

[13] Weng B, Xie X, Yang J, Liu J, Lu H, Yan C. Research on the nitrogen cycle in rhizosphere of Kandelia obovata under ammonium and nitrate addition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013, 76(1): 227-240.

[14] Zhang X, Huang G, Bian X, Zhao Q. Effects of nitrogen fertilization and root interaction on the agronomic traits of intercropped maize, and the quantity of microorganisms and activity of enzymes in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 2013, 368(1/2): 407-417.

[15] 云鹏, 高翔, 陈磊, 卢昌艾, 张金涛, 刘荣乐, 汪洪，林国林. 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中不同施氮水平对玉米生长及其根际土壤氮的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3): 567-574.

Yun P, Gao X, Chen L, Lu C A, Zhang J T, Liu R L, Wang H, Lin G L. Plant nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen status in rhizosphere of maize as affected by various nitrogen rates in wheat- maize rotation system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2010, 16(3): 567-574. (in Chinese)

[16] 雍太文, 杨文钰, 向达兵, 陈小容. 不同种植模式对作物根系生长、产量及根际土壤微生物数量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(1): 125-132.

Yong T W, Yang W Y, Xiang D B, Chen X R. Effect of different cropping modes on crop root growth, yield, and rhizosphere soil microbes number. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012, 23(1): 125-132. (in Chinese)

[17] Zhang X, Ma L, Gilliam F S, Wang Q, Li C. Effects of raised-bed planting for enhanced summer maize yield on rhizosphere soil microbial functional groups and enzyme activity in Henan Province, China. Field Crops Research,2012, 130: 28-37.

[18] Sun J, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Wei Q. Pyrosequencing technology reveals the impact of different manure doses on the bacterial community in apple rhizosphere soil.Applied Soil Ecology, 2014,78: 28-36.

[19] Zhou X, Yu G, Wu F. Effects of intercropping cucumber with onion or garlic on soil enzyme activities, microbial communities and cucumber yield. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2011, 47: 279-287.

[20] Yang X Y, Sun B H, Zhang S L. Trends of yield and soil fertility in a long-term wheat-maize system.Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014,13: 402-414.

[21] Zhang X, Wang Q, Gilliam F S, Wang Y, Cha F, Li C H. Spatial variation in carbon and nitrogen in cultivated soils in Henan Province, China: Potential Effect on Crop Yield. PLoS One, 2014, 9(10): 0109188.

[22] 王道中, 花可可, 郭志彬. 长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(23): 4781-4789.

Wang D Z, Hua K k, Guo Z B. Effects of long term fertilization on crop yield and soil physical properties in black and black soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(23): 4781-4789. (in Chinese)

[23] Richardson A E, Barea J M, McNeill A M, Prigent- Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms.Plant and Soil,2009, 321(1/2): 305-339.

[24] 和文祥, 朱铭莪, 张一平. 土壤酶与重金属关系的研究现状. 土壤与环境, 2000, 9(2): 139-142.

He W X, Zhu M E, Zhang Y P. Research status of the relationship between soil enzymes and heavy metals. Soil and Environmental Sciences, 2000, 9(2): 139-142. (in Chinese)

[25] Zhang X, Wang Q, Xu J, Gilliam F S, Tremblay N, Li C. In situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, and ammonia volatilization in maize field fertilized with urea in Huanghuaihai Region of Northern China. PLoS One, 2015, 10(1): e0115649.

[26] 王璞, 鲁来清. 吐丝期施氮对夏玉米粒重和籽粒粗蛋白的影响. 中国农业大学学报, 2002, 7(1): 59-64.

Wang P, Lu L Q. Silking effect of nitrogen fertilization on summer maize grain weight and grain crude protein. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2002, 7(1): 59-64. (in Chinese)

[27] 刘艳, 汪仁, 华利民, 解占军. 施氮量对玉米生育后期叶片衰老与保护酶系统的影响. 玉米科学, 2012, 20(2): 124-127.

Liu Y, Wang R, Hua L M, Xie Z J. Effects of nitrogen application rate on leaf senescence and protective enzyme system in maize. Journal of Maize science(in Chinese),2012, 20(2): 124-127.

[28] 吴光磊. 麦季氮肥运筹调控冬小麦—夏玉米两作体系氮素利用及氮肥残效研究[D] 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2013.

Wu G L. The wheat nitrogen regulation of winter wheat summer maize two system nitrogen utilization research and residual N[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2013. (in Chinese)

[29] 张学林, 王群, 赵亚丽, 杨青华, 李潮海. 施氮水平和收获时期对夏玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响.应用生态学报, 2010, 10: 2565-2572.

Zhang X L, Wang Q, Zhao Y L, Yang Q H, Li C H. Effects of nitrogen application level and harvest time on yield and grain quality of summer maize. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 10: 2565-2572. (in Chinese)

[30] Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniel-Vedele F, Dechorgnat J, Chardon F, Gaufichon L, Suzuki A. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture.Annals of Botany, 2010, 105(7): 1141-1157.

[31] Richardson A E, Barea J M, McNeill A M, Prigent- Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms.Plant and Soil, 2009, 321(1/2): 305-339.

[32] 马晓霞, 王莲莲, 黎青慧, 李花, 张树兰, 孙本华, 杨学云. 长期施肥对玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 32(17): 5502-5511.

Ma X X, Wang L L, Li Q H, Li H, Zhang S L, Sun B H, Yang X Y. Effects of long term fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activities in maize growing period. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 32(17): 5502-5511. (in Chinese)

[33] Jing J, Zhang F, Rengel Z, Shen J. Localized fertilization with P plus N elicits an ammonium-dependent enhancement of maize root growth and nutrient uptake.Field Crops Research, 2012,133: 176-185.

[34] 刘宏胜, 徐振峰, 闫志利, 牛俊义, 高玉红, 李洋. 不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤酶活性及氮磷养分含量的动态变化. 干旱地区农业研究, 2013, 31(5): 61-68.

LIU H S，XU Z F，YAN Z L，NIU J Y，GAO Y H，LI Y. Dynamics of soil enzyme activity and N and P content under different fertilizer rates in maize field with full plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2013, 31(5): 61-68. (in Chinese)

[35] Zhang X C, Yu X F, Ma Y F. Effect of nitrogen application and elevated CO₂ on photosynthetic gas exchange and electron transport in wheat leaves.Photosynthetica, 2013,51(4): 593-602.

[36] 陆景陵. 植物营养学. 第二版上册. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2003.

Lu J L. Plant Nutrition. 2nd. Beijing: China Agricultural University press, 2003. (in Chinese)

[37] Tian Q Y, Chen F J, Liu J X, Zhang F S, Mi G H. Inhibition of maize root growth by high nitrate supply is correlated with reduced IAA levels in roots. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2008, 165: 942-951.

[38] Hu H W, Zhang L M, Dai Y, Di H J, He J Z. pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2013, 13(8): 1439-1449.