中国农业科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 1635-1645.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.09.001

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 •    下一篇

两系法杂交稻两优培九育种的理论与实践

吕川根1,2,邹江石1   

  1. 1江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所,南京 210014
    2江苏省现代作物生产协同创新中心,南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2015-12-23 出版日期:2016-05-01 发布日期:2016-05-01
  • 作者简介:吕川根,E-mail:rb8@jaas.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家“863”计划(BH-01-01-01-02,Z16-01-01-3,2001AA211151)

Theory and Practice on Breeding of Two-Line Hybrid Rice, Liangyoupeijiu

LÜ Chuan-gen1,2, ZOU Jiang-shi1   

  1. 1Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014
    2Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095
  • Received:2015-12-23 Online:2016-05-01 Published:2016-05-01

摘要: 两系法超级杂交稻两优培九是中国独创的两系法杂交稻育种中形成的品种,是中国超级稻育种计划完成第一步目标的标志性品种,是继三系杂交稻汕优63之后种植面积最大的杂交稻,在国内外具有重大影响。两优培九的育种实践经历了艰苦曲折的科研攻关和推广过程。最初是尝试通过化学杀雄制种的方法利用典型籼粳杂种的优势,在亚优2号的育种实践失败后,技术路线调整为通过光温敏两系法将部分亚种间杂种优势与江淮生态区的水稻理想株型相结合,克服杂交稻结实率不高、不稳等弱点,达到高产、优质、多抗、适应性广泛并能安全制种的目标。通过分析多个水稻光温敏不育系与不同生态型父本配组的杂种F1的性状表现,确定以带有1/4爪哇稻亲缘的培矮64S为重点母本,选择优势生态群中的合适类型父本重点配组,避开生育期超长和植株偏高等障碍性问题,并根据江淮流域一季稻区的常年气候特点进行生态育种。通过大量筛选,育成两优培九,达到遗传、形态和功能“三优”的统一,将优质、超高产、多抗性状聚集于一体。通过对培矮64S育性转换、开花授粉有危害的高温、低温指标的研究和对各生态区常年气候中出现这些温度频率的分析,提出适宜制种区域和相应的父母本安全抽穗期。研究培矮64S育性转换的植株温度指标,提出遭遇低温危害时“以水调温”的制种纯度保障技术。通过对两优培九的生物学特性和适宜生长条件的研究,提出适宜种植区、各种植区的适宜齐穗期和主要种植方式的播栽期等生产指导性指标,分析生产上可能发生的问题并提出相应的预防措施和解决对策,研发提高结实率及其稳定性的栽培技术。通过配套生产技术的系统研究和应用,两优培九在南方稻区多年大面积成功种植。通过全程回顾育种战略的形成、研究思路和技术路线、品种培育和核心配套技术的研发及示范推广过程,论述了两优培九育成和大面积应用的意义;补充了水稻理想株型中的茎秆分布性状,提出“渔叉型”茎秆分布的概念;认为可以利用籼粳米质性状的互补选择各种适口性的稻米;大面积成功推广一个品种,尤其要加强应用技术研究,前瞻性地研究品种的最适生长条件,然后根据各地的气候条件规划最适种植区,并制定相应的最优栽培措施,还要储备可能发生问题的预防措施和解决对策。

关键词: 两优培九, 两系法杂交稻, 育种, 株型, 稻米品质

Abstract: Two-line hybrid rice, Liangyoupeijiu, is a landmark for super rice breeding in China National High-tech R&D Program. It has the largest planting area for years after the widely planted three-line hybrid Shanyou 63, and a significant impact in rice breeding area. Breeding practice in Liangyoupeijiu experienced a difficult and tortuous process of scientific research and production applications. Initially, the authors attempted CHA using a typical indica-japonica hybrid, Yayou 2. After failure of the attempt, the technical route was adjusted as: developing hybrid by partial-use of indica-japonica heterosis, and screening a plant ideotype suitable for ecological conditions in Changjiang-Huaihe region. The hybrid should have higher and stable seed setting rate, ultra-high yield, good grain quality, multiple resistances to disease, extensive adaptability, and safety for seed production as well. By analyzing key agronomic traits of hybrids, which used a lot of PTGMS lines as female, different ecological type lines as male, the authors determined the key female of Pei’ai 64S which was 1/4 relatives to javanica, and selected elite indica lines as male which belongs to the advantages cline and can avoid long growth period and higher plant of its F1, and screened the combinations adapting to the climate conditions in ChangJiang-Huaihe rice region. By screening a large number of combinations, the hybrid Liangyoupeijiu was obtained, which achieved genetic, morphological and functional “three excellent”, and the good grain quality, ultra-high yield, multiple resistances are gathered in one. Through studies on the hazardous high and low temperatures to fertility conversion and pollination of Pei’ai 64S, and frequency analysis on such temperatures in the various ecological regions, the authors put forward the suitable area for seed production and corresponding security heading date of parents. On the basis of the study on the plant temperature to Pei’ai 64S fertility conversion, the techniques for safeguarding the seed purity when confronted with low temperature weather in seed production were proposed. Through study on the biological characteristics and appropriate growth conditions of Liangyoupeijiu, the suitable planting areas and corresponding seeding and heading dates were proposed, the problems that may occur in the production were predicted and the corresponding preventive measures and solutions were proposed, and the cultivation techniques for increasing seed setting rate and its stability were developed. Supported by the research and application of the above techniques, Liangyoupeijiu was successfully cultivated in large-scale for years in Southern China. After reviewed the design of the research project, breeding theory and technical route, the tortuous processes for breeding, researching, developing and popularizing the hybrid, the authors discussed the significance of the achievement, put forward a complementary thinking of “fishgig-like” stem distribution for middle and base parts on rice plant ideotype, proposed the availability for selecting rice palatability by the complementation between indica and japonica types. To large-scale successfully cultivate a hybrid rice, prospective studies for the optimum growth conditions, the optimum planting area, the optimal cultivation measures, and a series of planting techniques to exert its advantages and avoid its disadvantages are very important.

Key words: Liangyoupeijiu, two-line hybrid rice, breeding, plant type, rice quality