中国农业昆虫基因组学研究概况与展望

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 昆虫种类繁多，变异惊人，是地球上最大的动物类群，其中不少种类是农业上的重要害虫或益虫。自从2000年黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）基因组发表以来，当代的昆虫学研究已经越来越多地依赖于从基因组和转录组所获得的信息。为了更好地理解昆虫生物学特性和增强应对那些严重影响人类健康、粮食供应和经济安全的各种卫生、农林害虫的能力，更好地利用那些在维持自然和农业生态系统不可或缺的昆虫以及那些为人类提供丝、蜂蜜和药品的昆虫，需要了解它们的基因组和转录组信息。目前世界上已经有50多种昆虫的基因组被报道，近10年来中国科学家也已经完成了家蚕（Bombyx mori）、小菜蛾（Plutella xyllostella）、东亚飞蝗（Locusta migratoria manilensis）、榕小蜂（Ceratosolen solmsi）和褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens）的基因组测定和分析，还有一批重要农业昆虫的基因组正在分析中，这其中包括烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）、斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）、二化螟（Chilo suppressalis）、白背飞虱（Sogatella furcifera）、灰飞虱（Laodelphax striatellu）和若干寄生蜂种类。自从2010年中国率先在国际上报道了2种昆虫（烟粉虱和褐飞虱）的转录组和表达谱以来，短短几年仅国内就已经有上百个昆虫转录组得到分析。同时，家蚕、东亚飞蝗和褐飞虱的功能基因组研究也取得了很大的进展, 例如，用40个品系重测序揭示了家蚕在驯化过程中相关的基因变化，通过信号通路分析解析了东亚飞蝗散居型和群居型转换的分子机制，以及发现了2个胰岛素受体是控制稻飞虱长、短翅型可塑性发育的“分子开关”。在基因组和转录组基础上，通过基因功能的研究和挖掘，结合应用新的基因组定点编辑技术和RNAi技术，将使害虫的防治和益虫的利用出现革命性的变化。

关键词: 农业昆虫, 基因组, 功能基因组学, 展望

Abstract: Insects are the largest class of all living things with overwhelming diversity in the earth. Many of them are of agricultural importance: serious crop pests or beneficial insects. Modern entomological researches are more and more relying on information obtained from different insect genomes and transcriptomes since Drosophila melanogaster genome being sequenced in 2000. To better understand insect biology and transform our ability to manage insects that threaten our health, food supply, and economic security and to use beneficial insects that are essential to the maintenance and productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems or provide us with silk, honey, medicine and other insect products, we need to know their genomic and transcriptomic information. Up to date, genomes of more than 50 insect species have been sequenced and analyzed around the world, and genomes of five insects of agricultural importance, including the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori), the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis), the fig wasp (Ceratosolen solmsi) and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), have been analyzed during the past decade in China, and genome sequencing for several agricultural insects including the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the oriental leafworm moth (Spodoptera litura), the rice stem borer(Chilo suppressalis), the white backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellu) and several parasite wasps, are in progress. Transcriptomes of the whiteflyand brown planthopper were reported in China in 2010, first two insect transciptomes reported in the world. Hundreds of insect transcriptomes have been reported in China since that year. Many important progresses in the functional genomics of the silkworm, the locust and the brown planthopper have been achieved, including the resequencing of 40 varieties of silkworm genomes which revealed domestication events and genes in silkworm, the uncovering of the precise mechanism of phase changes of the migratory locust, and the finding of that two insulin receptors determine alternative wing morphs in planthoppers. Data mining of insect genomes and transcriptomes, together with newly developed targeted genome editing and RNAi technologies, will lead to a revolutionary change in insect pest control and beneficial insect utilization.

Key words: agricultural insects, genome, functional genomics, prospect

张传溪. 中国农业昆虫基因组学研究概况与展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(17): 3454-3462.

ZHANG Chuan-xi . Current Research Status and Prospects of Genomes of Insects Important to Agriculture in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(17): 3454-3462.

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