红壤稻田长期施用猪粪的生态效益及承载力评估

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.02.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】有机粪肥还田是实现废弃物资源循环利用的重要途径之一，大量研究证实，猪粪还田施用可以显著提高土壤肥力和作物产量，但是，由于饲料添加剂含有较高的Cu、Zn、As等重金属元素，再加上养猪业中饲料添加剂的广泛应用，猪粪长期还田也可能导致土壤中重金属元素大量累积，从而威胁土壤质量和粮食安全。因此，利用长期定位探讨和综合评价长期施用猪粪下红壤稻田的生态效益就显得十分重要。【方法】以始于1981年的红壤性水稻土有机肥定位试验为载体，分析了长期施用猪粪30年间红壤稻田的水稻产量和土壤有机碳含量影响，以期明确猪粪对水稻产量的增产幅度和对土壤有机碳的贡献潜力，同时分析不同猪粪施用年限（包括试验前、试验5年、16年、22年和30年）的土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cr和As等含量变化，基于国家土壤质量二级标准（GB 15618—1995）的土壤重金属含量的临界值，利用本研究中土壤重金属的累积速率对红壤稻田施用猪粪的超标时间进行估算，并进一步探讨猪粪的安全用量。【结果】施用猪粪显著提高了水稻产量和土壤有机碳含量，与施化肥处理（NPK）相比，产量增加了10.3%—12.0%，土壤有机碳含量增加了18.8%—23.7%，但是猪粪施用对红壤稻田的酸化阻控作用较小。在试验30年后，分别在早稻和晚稻施用猪粪的处理（OM1和OM2）的土壤pH值与未施肥对照无显著差异。此外，施用猪粪的土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和As含量亦显著增加，与施用化肥处理相比，OM1和OM2的Cu、Zn、Cr和As含量分别增加了72.0%—82.6%、29.1%—55.2%、194.8%—262.6%和90.5%—192.7%，但是未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准（GB15618-1995）。按照现行猪粪施用量（22.5 t•hm-2•a-1）推算，土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和As含量确保安全水平的施用时间分别还有22、67、44和14年。若确保连续施用猪粪50年土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和As含量不超标，则红壤稻田每公顷最多猪粪施用量应不超过6.40 t•hm-2•a-1。【结论】在红壤稻田上，猪粪长期还田虽然能够显著提高稻米产量和土壤肥力（尤其是土壤有机碳含量），但也同时导致土壤Cu、Zn、Cr和As含量大幅增加，从而可能引起土壤出现重金属污染风险，进而威胁稻米质量和人类安全。因此，权衡稻田长期施用猪粪对作物产量、土壤肥力和重金属累积的生态效益，确定土壤对猪粪的最大环境承载力将为科学合理的利用猪粪以实现区域农业的可持续发展提供依据。

关键词: 红壤性水稻土 , 猪粪 , 重金属 , 承载力

Abstract: 【Objective】Returning organic manure into field soil is one of the important ways to achieve cyclic utilization of waste resources. A large number of studies proved that pig manure could improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, long-term pig manure amendments also would lead heavy metal elements such as Cu, Zn and As accumulation in soil, due to the feed additive are widely used which contain high content of heavy metals, and then threat the soil quality and food safety. Therefore, the effect of long-term amendments of pig manure on environment carrying capacity was conducted in red paddy field. 【Method】The changes of rice grain yield and the contents of soil organic carbon and heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Cr and As were investigated based on samples from the long-term field experiment with continuously pig manure amended since 1981 (it contained samples of initial soil, 5, 16, 22, and 30 years fertilization), in order to assess the environment carrying capacities of red paddy field regarding to the side effects of pig manure amendments based on the Grade Ⅱ thresholds according to the national soil environmental quality standard (GB15618-1995). 【Result】The results showed that long-term amendments of pig manure significantly increased both rice yield and soil organic carbon content by 10.3%-12.0% and 18.8%-23.7%, respectively, compared with long-term chemical fertilizer (NPK) amendment. Soil pH value for both OM1 and OM2 treatments (i.e. pig manure amendments in the early and late rice season) after three decades compared to the initial soil pH before the experiment set up. This indicated that long-term pig manure could not alleviate soil acid status. Moreover, pig manure amendments also significantly increased the contents of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Cr and As in soil. After continuous amendments for three decades, the contents of Cu, Zn, Cr and As were increased by 72.0%-82.6%, 29.1%-55.2%, 194.8%-262.6% and 90.5%-192.7%, respectively, compared with the chemical fertilizer (NPK) treatment, but still below the Grade Ⅱ thresholds according to the national soil environmental quality standard (GB15618—1995). Based on the present amendment rate of pig manure, the contents of heavy metal measured in soil would exceed the Grade Ⅱ thresholds if continuously amended pig manure for 22, 67, 44 and 14 years, respectively. From a different perspective, considering the 50-year continuously amended pig manure as an essential prerequisite, the amendment rate of pig manure should not exceed 6.40 t•hm-2•a-1 to ensure the soil heavy metal contents of Cu, Zn, Cr and As is still below the Grade Ⅱ thresholds. 【Conclusion】Long-term amendments of pig manure unambiguously increased both the rice grain production and soil fertility development. Meanwhile, it should not be neglected that the accumulation of heavy metal would lead to environmental pollution. Taking together, the results highlight that tradeoffs between crop production, soil fertility and ecological benefits and environmental carrying capacities subjected to long-term pig manure amendments could help the sustainable development of agriculture and the improvement of the ecological environment in red paddy field.

Key words: red paddy soil , pig manure , heavy metals , carrying capacities

柳开楼, 李大明, 黄庆海, 余喜初, 叶会财, 徐小林, 胡惠文, 王赛莲. 红壤稻田长期施用猪粪的生态效益及承载力评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(2): 303-313.

LIU Kai-Lou, LI Da-Ming, HUANG Qing-Hai, YU Xi-Chu, YE Hui-Cai, XU Xiao-Lin, HU Hui-Wen, WANG Sai-Lian. Ecological Benefits and Environmental Carrying Capacities of Red Paddy Field Subjected to Long-Term Pig Manure Amendments[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(2): 303-313.

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