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Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2026, Vol. 25 Issue (10): 3971-3989    DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2026.07.022
Special Focus: Advancing China–Africa Agricultural Science and Technology Cooperation: Innovation and Pathways Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search |

Global epidemiological landscape and diagnostic biases reveal persistent endemic circulation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yassein M. Ibrahim1, 2, 3*, Yuandi Yu1, 2, 4*, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid5*, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet6, 7, Thien Dinh Van5, Weldu Tesfagaber8, Joshua W. Aleri9, Wenxiu Wang6, Liu Yang1, 2, 4, Lizhi Fu1, 2, 4#, Yue Wang1, 2, 10#

1 National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China

2 Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China

3 Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala 155, Sudan

4 Rongchang, Animal Health, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 402460, China

5 Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide University, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia

6 Shandong Binzhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Binzhou 256600, China

7 College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China

8 State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention/National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory/National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China

9 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia

10 College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

 Highlights 
● Reframes PEDV as an endemic pathogen sustained by subclinical breeding-herd reservoirs, shifting the control focus from outbreak response to silent transmission.
● Identifies diagnostic-method bias as the principal source of global prevalence heterogeneity, mandating standardized multi-modal surveillance.
● Delivers the first integrated evidence-based framework to systematically harmonize PEDV prevalence reporting across animal, herd, and diagnostic levels.
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摘要  

猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）是全球养猪业的重要肠道病原体，但由于各国监测系统、诊断灵敏度及报告体系存在差异，其真实的流行病学负担尚未得到充分阐明。为厘清PEDV的全球流行病学特征，本研究开展了系统综述与荟萃分析，整合动物个体与群体层面的数据，并评估诊断方法及群体特征对检测结果的影响。在纳入的22个国家133项研究中，PEDV在临床发病猪和外观健康猪中均被频繁检出，表明该病毒呈持续性地方流行，而非偶发性暴发。分子检测揭示了活跃的现症感染，血清学数据则反映了广泛的历史暴露，二者共同提示猪群内存在大量的隐匿传播。检测结果因年龄、地理区域和研究时期而异：母猪可能充当病毒储存库，而新生仔猪则是主要的传播放大器。在临床发病猪中，核酸检测的合并阳性率为46.0%（95% CI：39.8–52.2）。其中，母猪和公猪的点估计值最高，为76.5%（95% CI：28.9–100.0），但置信区间较宽、精确度不足；哺乳仔猪为44.7%（95% CI：35.6–53.9）。血清学分析显示，临床发病动物的抗体阳性率为14.6%（95% CI：0.8–40.0），反映了群体的累积暴露水平。在群体层面，核酸检测的合并阳性率为44.6%（95% CI：33.6–55.9），血清学估计值为39.0%（95% CI：14.6–66.3），共同支持PEDV在群体中的广泛传播。研究间存在显著的异质性，主要归因于时间、区域及群体健康状况等因素，这突出表明监测设计和诊断策略会显著影响报告的患病率，并可能掩盖病毒传播的真实规模。综上所述，PEDV是一种全球根深蒂固、持续循环的病原体，通过亚临床感染和群体层面的病毒持续存在得以维系。本研究首次对PEDV流行病学进行了全面的全球综合，建立了循证框架，以指导标准化监测、合理解读诊断结果，并为疫苗接种和生物安全等针对性防控策略提供依据。加强协调统一的监测体系，对于降低PEDV在现代养猪业中的长期负担至关重要。

 



Abstract  Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is a major enteric pathogen of global swine production, yet its true epidemiological burden remains inadequately characterised due to heterogeneity in surveillance systems, diagnostic sensitivity, and reporting frameworks. To clarify the global epidemiological profile of PEDV, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis integrating animal- and herd-level data while evaluating the influence of diagnostic methods and population characteristics on detection outcomes. Across 133 studies from 22 countries, PEDV was frequently detected in both clinically affected and apparently healthy pigs, indicating sustained endemic circulation rather than episodic outbreak dynamics. Molecular assays identified ongoing active infection, while serological data demonstrated extensive historical exposure, together revealing substantial silent transmission within swine herds. Detection patterns varied markedly by age group, geographic region, and study period; sows appeared to act as potential viral reservoirs, while neonatal piglets served as principal transmission amplifiers. Among clinically affected pigs, pooled nucleic acid-based detection rate was 46.0% (95% CI: 39.8-52.2), with the highest point estimates observed in sows and boars at 76.5% (95% CI: 28.9-100.0), though these were imprecise with wide confidence intervals, and in suckling piglets at 44.7% (95% CI: 35.6-53.9). Serological analysis revealed a seroprevalence of 14.6% (95% CI: 0.8-40.0) in clinically affected animals, reflecting cumulative population exposure. At the herd level, nucleic acid-based detection yielded a pooled detection rate of 44.6% (95% CI: 33.6-55.9), while serological estimates reached 39.0% (95% CI: 14.6-66.3), collectively supporting widespread herd-level circulation. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was largely attributable to temporal, regional, and herd health factors, underscoring how surveillance design and diagnostic strategy can substantially influence reported prevalence and obscure the true scale of viral spread. Collectively, these findings indicate that PEDV is a globally entrenched, persistently circulating pathogen sustained through subclinical infection and herd-level viral persistence. This work provides the first comprehensive global synthesis of PEDV epidemiology and establishes an evidence-based framework to guide standardised surveillance, contextualise diagnostic outcomes, and inform targeted prevention strategies encompassing vaccination and biosecurity. Strengthening harmonised monitoring systems will be essential to reducing the long-term burden of PEDV in modern swine production.
Keywords:  PEDV       prevalence        systematic review        meta-analysis        diagnostic methods  
Received: 11 March 2026   Accepted: 07 July 2002 Online: 17 July 2026  
Fund: 

This work was supported by the grants from the National Centre of Technology Innovation for Pigs (NCTIP-XD/B19), the Chongqing Talent Plan “Contract System” Project (cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0183 and 22509C), the Sichuan Provincial Regional Innovation Cooperation Project, China (2024YFHZ0110), and the Basic and Long-Term Agricultural Science and Technology Observation and Research, China (MARA-ORS261-AH024).  

About author:  #Correspondence Lizhi Fu, E-mail: flzfulizhi@163.com; Yue Wang, E-mail: vetyuewang@swu.edu.cn * These authors contributed equally to this study.
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Yassein M. Ibrahim, Yuandi Yu, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Thien Dinh Van, Weldu Tesfagaber, Joshua W. Aleri, Wenxiu Wang, Liu Yang, Lizhi Fu, Yue Wang. 2026.

Global epidemiological landscape and diagnostic biases reveal persistent endemic circulation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 25(10): 3971-3989.

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