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Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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UvNTH-mediated trehalose metabolism is essential for rice false smut ball formation in Ustilaginoidea virens

Xiayan Pan1, Shuqi Zhang1,2, Zhi Li1,2, Junjie Yu1, Mina Yu1, Huijuan Cao1, Tianqiao Song1, Shuchen Wang1, Zhongqiang Qi1, Rongsheng Zhang1, Yan Du1, Hongwei Cao3, Yongfeng Liu1,2#

1 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China

2 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China

3 China Grain Reserves Group Ltd. Company, Beijing, 100089, China

 Highlights 

U. virens exploits host-derived trehalose by enhancing trehalose catabolism, uncovering a previously unrecognized pathogenic strategy in plant-fungal interactions.

l UvNTH is essential for false smut ball formation, and its deletion decouples colonization from symptom development, highlighting its unique role in fungal pathogenicity.

l UvNTH coordinately regulates virulence and chlamydospore reproduction, serving as a dual-action target for precise and sustainable rice false smut control.

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摘要  

稻曲病是由稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens侵染水稻穗部所引起的重要真菌病害,严重威胁我国粮食安全生产。作为活体营养型病原菌,稻曲病菌依赖宿主营养完成侵染过程,但其利用的营养类型及相应的劫持机制尚不明确。本研究揭示了一种稻曲病菌致病新策略该菌通过增强自身海藻糖分解能力,劫持宿主来源的海藻糖。海藻糖是植物逆境响应相关的二糖,在干旱、高温及病原侵染等条件下显著积累,近年被证实为病原菌菌—植物互作中的重要信号分子本研究发现,稻曲病菌中海藻糖劫持能力依赖于两个功能分化的海藻糖酶基因:UvNTH(中性海藻糖酶)与UvATH(酸性海藻糖酶)。基因敲除与回补实验表明二者功能分工明确,UvNTH主要负责胞外海藻糖利用、营养生长及无性产孢UvATH则特异性调控气生菌丝发育,对胞外海藻糖利用无显著影响。致病性分析显示,ΔUvNTH突变体虽能正常定殖宿主组织,却完全丧失形成成熟稻曲球的能力。该表型稻曲病菌的定殖过程与稻曲球成球症状解耦证明UvNTH定殖侵染所必需,而是稻曲球形成的特异性毒力开关。进一步分析表明,UvNTH显著调控稻曲病菌厚垣孢子的形成和萌发。作为稻曲病的初侵染源,厚垣孢子的形成数量与萌发率在ΔUvNTH突变体中显著下降,表明UvNTH同时控制病害的发生与流行潜力。综上所述,本研究发现UvNTH兼具代谢酶与双功能调控因子的双重角色,既是海藻糖代谢的核心酶,又是协同调控致病力与初侵染源增殖的关键蛋白。该发现为解析稻曲病菌致病机制提供了新视角,也为稻曲病的绿色防控提供了理想靶点



Abstract  

The fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes the devastating rice false smut disease, relies on scavenging host nutrients for infection, yet the identity and exploitation mechanisms of these nutrients remain unclear. This study reveals a previously unrecognized virulence strategy in which U. virens hijacks host-derived trehalose, a disaccharide linked to plant stress responses, by enhancing its trehalose catabolic capacity. Central to this process are two functionally distinct trehalases, UvNTH (neutral trehalase) and UvATH (acid trehalase), which exhibit a clear division of labor. UvNTH drives extracellular trehalose utilization, vegetative growth, and asexual sporulation, while UvATH specifically regulated aerial hyphal development. Strikingly, the ΔUvNTH mutant colonizes host tissues normally but completely fails to produce mature false smut balls, uncoupling colonization from symptom formation and identifying UvNTH as a dedicated virulence switch essential for pathogenicity. In addition, UvNTH plays a critical regulatory role in the germination process of chlamydospores, the primary inoculum of the pathogen. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that UvNTH functions not only as a metabolic enzyme but also as a dual-functional regulator that coordinates virulence and the propagation of primary infection sources, thereby providing an ideal target for the sustainable management of rice false smut.

Keywords:  Ustilaginoidea virens       trehalose              neutral trehalase              false smut ball formation              chlamydospore germination  
Online: 12 March 2026  
Fund: 

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272512), and Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund (CX(24)3014). 

About author:  Xiayan Pan, Email: panxy@jaas.ac.cn; #Correspondence Yongfeng Liu, Email: liuyf@jaas.ac.cn

Cite this article: 

Xiayan Pan, Shuqi Zhang, Zhi Li, Junjie Yu, Mina Yu, Huijuan Cao, Tianqiao Song, Shuchen Wang, Zhongqiang Qi, Rongsheng Zhang, Yan Du, Hongwei Cao, Yongfeng Liu. 2026. UvNTH-mediated trehalose metabolism is essential for rice false smut ball formation in Ustilaginoidea virens. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.03.034

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