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| Historical trends in maize morphology from the 1950s to the 2010s in China |
| MA Da-ling1, XIE Rui-zhi2, YU Xiao-fang1, LI Shao-kun2, GAO Ju-lin1 |
1 Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, P.R.China
2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R.China |
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摘要
株选与穗选是玉米品种选育的基础环节。从1950s年代到2010s年代，我国玉米品种更替过程中，植株和穗部形态特征所发生的改变对玉米产量提高有着重要贡献。在过去的七个年代，从1950s年代到2000s年代穗高和穗位高呈小幅上升趋势，2010s年代出现下降；而穗位系数和穗下节间长呈明显下降趋势。玉米叶片变得更加直立，尤其是果穗上部的叶片，单株叶面积显著增加。1950s年代至2000s年代，叶向值增加到2010s年代出现下降趋势；雄穗的大小和抽雄与吐丝间隔天数都显著减少。相同栽培条件下，果穗直径、粒数和粒重从1950s年代到2000s年代呈上升趋势，2010s年代出现下降。我们发现，现代玉米品种具有较低的株高、穗位高和穗位系数增强了玉米的抗倒伏能力；具有直立的叶片特征提高了玉米的耐密性；具有较小的果穗及籽粒有利于灌浆后期快速脱水。建议把这些形态特征的选择标准作为未来适宜于机械化作业玉米品种选育的重点参考依据。
Abstract The morphology of the plant and ear is a preliminary selection characteristic in breeding new varieties of maize. As new maize cultivars were developed from the 1950s through the 2010s in China, most had changes in both plant and ear morphological characteristics that contributed substantially to maize yield gains. Over the seven decades, plant and ear height fluctuated with a small increase from the 1950s to 2000s, and then a decrease in the 2010s, while the ear ratio and internodes length below the ear decreased significantly. Leaf angles became significantly more upright, especially for the leaves above the ear, and the leaf area per plant improved markedly. Leaf orientation increased from the 1950s to the 2000s then decreased in the 2010s. Tassel size and the anthesis–silking interval were both reduced substantially. Ear diameter, kernel number, and kernel weight increased from the 1950 to the 2000s, then decreased in the 2010s under the same cultivation conditions. We found that modern maize hybrids have a lower plant height, ear height and ear ratio which increased lodging resistance, a more erect leaf which increased high-density planting tolerance, and smaller ears and kernels which facilitated rapid dehydration during late grain filling. These morphological selection criteria, which are suitable for mechanized operations, are proposed as the focus for future maize breeding.
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Received: 29 October 2020
Accepted: 03 March 2021
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| Fund: The authors wish to thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300302 and 2017YFD0300804), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-02-63) and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (2020MS03053). |
| About author: MA Da-ling, E-mail: madaling@sina.com; Correspondence LI Shao-kun, Tel/Fax: +86-10-82105791, E-mail: lishaokun@caas.cn; GAO Ju-lin, E-mail: nmgaojulin@163.com |
Cite this article:
MA Da-ling, XIE Rui-zhi, YU Xiao-fang, LI Shao-kun, GAO Ju-lin.
2022.
Historical trends in maize morphology from the 1950s to the 2010s in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(8): 2159-2167.
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