栽培模式对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收利用和群体质量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the synergic cultivation of good-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency of wheat under the rice-wheat rotation. 【Method】 In 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, the cultivation patterns of tradition (TCP), high yield (HCP), reducing fertilizer (RFCP), and reducing fertilizer and increasing planting density (IDCP) were conducted in Suining (northern Jiangsu) and Hanjiang and Yangzhou (middle area of Jiangsu) to study the differences in grain protein content, grain yield, nitrogen efficiency, and economic benefits. The excepted results could clarify the patterns achieving high yield and high efficiency and the characteristics of their wheat population qualities and nitrogen absorption and transportation, explore the relationship between yield, nitrogen efficiency and agronomic physiological traits, and then reveal the approaches to realize high yield and high-efficiency synergy. 【Result】 The effects of cultivation patterns on wheat grain yield, net economic benefit, and nitrogen efficiency were different depending on the ecological conditions in the various years and sites. The wheat grain protein content under different cultivation patterns was more than 12.5%, but which under HCP and RFCP was 13%-14%. In 2018, IDCP achieved the highest grain yield and economic net benefit with 31.5%-33.5% and 104.4%-239.1% higher than TCP, respectively, followed by HCP and RFCP. In 2019, the grain yield under HCP was the highest, which was 8.1%-13.2% higher than that under TCP, followed by RFCP and IDCP. In addition, IDCP could obtain stable or increased net economic benefits compared with TCP because of less fertilizer inputs. The above results indicated that compared with other patterns, grain yield, nitrogen efficiency, and economic benefits under TCP were relatively lower. HCP could achieve more stable and higher grain yield as well as higher protein content, and IDCP achieved the highest yield potential, economic benefits, and nitrogen efficiency but had a low grain protein content. High yield was achieved by increasing single-spike yield based on enough spike number, and the high yielding HCP mainly increased grains per spike, but IDCP achieved high grain weight. HCP achieved high spike number mainly depended on tiller fertility, and IDCP depended on the synergistically increasing tiller number and tiller fertility. The suitable range of the ratio of tiller number at the beginning of wintering stage to spike number was 0.9-1.1 for high yield population. Further analysis showed that the high yield patterns could improve the leaf photosynthetic rate and maintain a high photosynthetic area after anthesis, indicating high-level coordination of the source-sink relationship and enlarged source level. The results also indicated that improving nitrogen absorption efficiency based on high nitrogen physiological efficiency was the key for realizing high nitrogen use efficiency. The nitrogen accumulation in the HCP population was low at the early growth stage, but the absorption capacity was gradually increased at the middle and late growth stage, finally promoting nitrogen transportation. The IDCP population also had strong nitrogen absorption capacity during the middle and early growth stage and also showed a sufficient transportation level. The relationships of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency with agronomic and physiological traits under different ecological conditions and cultivation patterns were analyzed, and it was found that increasing tiller fertility of the crop population contributed to a higher photosynthetic area per stem and leaf photosynthetic rate at the grain-filling stage, which increased single-spike yield and wheat production. Besides, the high tiller fertility also promoted nitrogen absorption capacity before anthesis increasing nitrogen transportation and use efficiency. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, the synergistic approach to achieve high yield and high efficiency of wheat under the rice-wheat rotation was to develop large spikes especially increase grain weight based on obtaining sufficient spikes and to establish the population with sufficient quantity and high quality. The latter included that the tiller number of the population before wintering stage met the expected spike number with improving tiller fertility, the nitrogen absorption and transportation level was high before the anthesis stage, and the photosynthetic area and intensity of single stem could maintain a high level after the anthesis to promote the grain filling. The present study also indicated that technologies realizing high-yield and high-efficiency production needed to emphasize moderately increasing planting density, limitedly reducing nitrogen application, increasing topdressing nitrogen with reducing base fertilization, and precisely applying fertilization.

Key words: wheat under rice-wheat rotation, high-yield and high-efficiency synergy, population quality characteristics, nitrogen uptake characteristics, technological approach

DING JinFeng, XU DongYi, DING YongGang, ZHU Min, LI ChunYan, ZHU XinKai, GUO WenShan. Effects of Cultivation Patterns on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization, and Population Quality of Wheat Under Rice-Wheat Rotation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(4): 619-634.

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Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Effects of cultivation patterns on culm number at the stages of the beginning of wintering (BWCN) and stem elongation (SECN), culm fertility, BWCN/spike number, leaf area index (LAI) at booting, and the ratio of grain weight and leaf area (GLR)"

年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	越冬始期茎蘖数 BWCN (culms/m²)	拔节期茎蘖数 SECN (culms/m²)	茎蘖成穗率 Culm fertility (%)	冬前茎蘖数/最终穗数 BWCN/spike number	孕穗期叶面积指数 LAI at booting	粒叶比 GLR (g·cm^-2)
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	711±11a	1257±22a	43.9±1.3b	1.29±0.03a	6.1±0.06c	92.8±1.3b
		HCP	557±7bc	1093±12b	55.2±2.2a	0.93±0.05b	6.6±0.08b	108.8±4.4a
		RFCP	540±4c	1051±34b	54.2±3.0a	0.95±0.01b	6.3±0.07c	107.1±3.5a
		IDCP	579±3b	1124±94ab	54.2±1.9a	0.95±0.02b	7.3±0.06a	103.3±0.9a
	F值 F-value		119.97**	3.02ns	6.50*	26.45**	59.34**	6.26*
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	699±11a	1186±16a	47.6±1.5b	1.24±0.08a	5.4±0.16a	90.1±0.1b
		HCP	543±16b	945±26b	62.0±1.5a	0.93±0.08b	5.6±0.07a	121.0±5.7a
		RFCP	530±14b	909±52b	62.0±1.8a	0.94±0.01b	5.5±0.10a	123.4±5.8a
		IDCP	565±13b	972±21b	61.4±2.5a	0.95±0.04b	5.8±0.08a	122.2±5.5a
	F值 F-value		32.27**	43.98**	14.01*	6.80*	2.77ns	10.68*
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	529±10a	752±3a	53.7±1.1c	1.35±0.01a	4.6±0.13b	122.3±6.6a
		HCP	366±12c	551±15d	66.8±0.1a	1.00±0.06b	5.3±0.15a	119.4±1.0a
		RFCP	379±18bc	613±8c	57.5±1.3b	1.07±0.01b	4.8±0.31ab	126.0±6.6a
		IDCP	426±6b	708±9b	54.2±1.8bc	1.11±0.01b	5.1±0.02ab	116.5±2.7a
	F值 F-value		35.38**	81.62**	26.25**	22.46**	3.09ns	0.74ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	514±9a	769±28a	59.9±1.6b	1.12±0.03a	5.6±0.23c	124.5±0.8a
		HCP	405±17c	624±17c	68.6±0.2a	0.95±0.06bc	7.1±0.13a	106.2±5.0a
		RFCP	373±3c	662±8bc	63.8±2.3ab	0.90±0.03c	6.4±0.18bc	112.8±5.0a
		IDCP	461±13b	699±15ab	62.3±2.7ab	1.06±0.01ab	6.7±0.09ab	105.7±1.8a
	F值 F-value		29.31**	10.97*	3.65ns	7.34*	11.13*	3.33ns

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

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技术指标 Technology index		传统模式 TCP	高产模式 HCP	节肥模式 RFCP	节肥增密模式 IDCP
基本苗 Planting density (plants/m²)		270	180	180	225
氮肥 Nitrogen	施用量 Application rate (kg·hm^-2)	270	270	240	210
氮肥 Nitrogen	施用比例 Application ratio	6﹕1﹕3﹕0	3﹕1﹕3﹕3	3﹕1﹕3﹕3	3﹕1﹕3﹕3
N﹕P₂O₅﹕K₂O		1﹕0.35﹕0.35	1﹕0.5﹕0.5	1﹕0.5﹕0.5	1﹕0.5﹕0.5
磷肥和钾肥 Phosphorus and potassium	施用量 Application rate (kg·hm^-2)	94.5	135	120	105
磷肥和钾肥 Phosphorus and potassium	施用比例 Application ratio	10﹕0﹕0﹕0	5﹕0﹕5﹕0	5﹕0﹕5﹕0	5﹕0﹕5﹕0
施用时期 Application stage of fertilizer	基肥 Basis	播种前 Pre-sowing	播种前 Pre-sowing	播种前 Pre-sowing	播种前 Pre-sowing
	分蘖肥 Tillering	3叶期 3rd leaf	4叶期 4th leaf	4叶期 4th leaf	4叶期 4th leaf
	拔节肥 Elongation	倒4叶 Remaining 4 leaves	倒3叶 Remaining 3 leaves	倒3叶 Remaining 3 leaves	倒3叶 Remaining 3 leaves
	孕穗肥 Booting	—	剑叶露尖 Flag leaf visible	剑叶露尖 Flag leaf visible	剑叶露尖 Flag leaf visible

年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	籽粒蛋白质含量 GPC (%)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	增加率 Increase (%)	经济净效益 Economic benefit (yuan/hm²)	增加率 Increase (%)
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	13.2±0.10a	6.46±0.15c		4477±346c
		HCP	13.5±0.12a	8.23±0.23ab	27.5	6371±522b	44.1
		RFCP	13.5±0.11a	7.72±0.34b	19.5	6199±752b	38.0
		IDCP	13.4±0.18a	8.62±0.15a	33.5	9120±327a	104.4
	F值 F-value		1.29ns	16.72**		13.85*
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	13.4±0.14a	5.55±0.16b		2433±363c
		HCP	13.7±0.16a	7.75±0.47a	28.2	5276±642b	115.2
		RFCP	13.6±0.20a	7.74±0.22a	28.2	6252±495ab	165.9
		IDCP	13.4±0.03a	8.12±0.25a	31.5	7980±568a	239.1
	F值 F-value		1.08ns	15.42*		12.06*
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	12.4±0.24b	6.47±0.17b		4488±371a
		HCP	13.5±0.27a	7.32±0.26a	13.2	4318±578a	-3.8
		RFCP	13.2±0.08ab	6.89±0.09ab	6.6	4352±200a	-3.1
		IDCP	12.5±0.25b	6.79±0.19ab	5.0	5008±428a	11.6
	F值 F-value		5.31ns	3.57ns		0.59ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	13.1±0.20a	8.04±0.26a		8013±581a
		HCP	13.5±0.31a	8.69±0.25a	8.1	7399±566a	-7.7
		RFCP	13.2±0.26a	8.29±0.14a	3.0	7467±324a	-6.8
		IDCP	12.7±0.18a	8.13±0.03a	1.0	7998±176a	-0.2
	F值 F-value		1.86ns	2.20ns		0.57ns

年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)	增加率 Increase (%)	氮肥利用效率 NUE (kg·kg^-1)	增加率 Increase (%)	氮素吸收效率 NUpE (kg·kg^-1)	氮素生理利用效率 NUtE (kg·kg^-1)
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	23.9±0.6c		10.7±0.6b		37.7±1.0b	0.28±0.01b
		HCP	30.5±0.9b	27.4	12.5±0.9b	16.8	40.4±0.6b	0.31±0.02ab
		RFCP	32.2±1.4b	34.4	12.5±1.4b	16.4	39.0±0.3ab	0.32±0.04ab
		IDCP	41.1±0.7a	71.6	17.3±0.7a	61.1	43.7±1.6a	0.40±0.03a
	F值 F-value		56.94**		9.06*		6.01ns	3.94ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	20.6±0.6c		9.3±0.6b		34.9±1.8b	0.27±0.01b
		HCP	28.7±1.7b	39.6	11.3±1.7ab	21.4	40.1±1.9ab	0.28±0.02b
		RFCP	32.3±0.9b	56.9	13.7±0.9ab	46.1	39.5±1.4ab	0.35±0.01a
		IDCP	38.7±1.2a	88.0	15.7±1.2a	67.8	43.3±1.1a	0.36±0.02a
	F值 F-value		40.32**		5.35ns		4.57ns	12.95*
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	23.9±0.6c		11.1±0.6b		24.9±1.9b	0.45±0.01a
		HCP	27.1±1.0b	13.2	15.4±1.0a	38.6	37.3±4.0a	0.41±0.07a
		RFCP	28.7±0.4b	19.9	14.9±0.4a	34.6	36.5±2.0a	0.41±0.01a
		IDCP	32.3±0.9a	34.9	15.4±0.9a	39.0	34.8±2.9ab	0.44±0.06a
	F值 F-value		21.57**		7.71**		4.05ns	0.16ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	29.8±1.0c		12.2±1.0b		20.6±1.0b	0.59±0.04a
		HCP	32.2±0.9b	8.1	15.6±0.9a	27.5	38.6±1.9a	0.40±0.04b
		RFCP	34.5±0.6b	15.9	15.6±0.6a	27.5	37.6±5.5a	0.42±0.03b
		IDCP	38.7±0.2a	29.9	15.7±0.2a	28.6	33.8±5.7ab	0.47±0.05ab
	F值 F-value		26.32**		5.32ns		4.02ns	5.12ns

年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	穗数 Spike number	每穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-kernels weight (g)	总结实粒数 Grains (×10⁴·m^-2)	单穗产量 Spike yield (g)
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	552±6a	36.3±0.3c	36.7±0.15c	2.00±0.04b	1.33±0.01b
		HCP	602±25a	39.6±0.6ab	37.3±0.04b	2.38±0.13a	1.48±0.02a
		RFCP	570±13a	37.9±0.4bc	37.8±0.04a	2.16±0.07ab	1.43±0.02a
		IDCP	609±7a	38.8±0.3b	37.9±0.14a	2.36±0.01a	1.47±0.02a
	F值 F-value		2.87ns	11.71*	27.03**	4.91ns	11.61*
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	565±26a	33.6±0.4c	35.9±0.10d	1.89±0.06a	1.20±0.02b
		HCP	586±31a	35.8±0.1a	40.2±0.05c	2.10±0.11a	1.44±0.01a
		RFCP	563±19a	34.4±0.5b	41.8±0.24b	1.93±0.04a	1.44±0.03a
		IDCP	595±37a	34.5±0.1b	42.5±0.09a	2.05±0.13a	1.47±0.01a
	F值 F-value		0.30ns	13.83*	49.81**	1.46ns	56.61**
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	393±10a	41.7±0.4b	42.0±0.07b	1.64±0.06a	1.75±0.02b
		HCP	368±11a	45.8±0.8a	44.7±0.05a	1.68±0.08a	2.05±0.04a
		RFCP	353±12a	45.2±0.6a	45.0±0.31a	1.60±0.03a	2.03±0.01a
		IDCP	384±8a	43.3±1.1ab	42.4±0.13b	1.66±0.01a	1.84±0.04b
	F值 F-value		2.92ns	5.70ns	79.07**	0.59ns	20.78**
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	460±5a	41.6±0.5b	44.0±0.11b	1.91±0.04a	1.83±0.03b
		HCP	428±10ab	45.8±1.0a	45.9±0.44ab	1.96±0.01a	2.10±0.02a
		RFCP	416±11b	45.1±1.0a	46.5±0.56a	1.87±0.01a	2.09±0.07a
		IDCP	435±9ab	44.6±1.2a	44.9±0.87ab	1.94±0.01a	2.00±0.02ab
	F值 F-value		4.17ns	3.69ns	3.57ns	2.03ns	8.92*

年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	单茎绿叶面积 GLA (cm²)			净光合速率 P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	孕穗期 Booting	开花期 Anthesis	乳熟期 Milk-ripening	开花期 Anthesis	乳熟期 Milk-ripening
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	109.8±5.1a	82.3±2.1a	42.6±1.2a	25.1±0.2b	16.6±0.1b
		HCP	109.3±3.2a	80.6±2.5a	44.2±0.8a	27.5±0.6ab	19.4±0.9a
		RFCP	110.0±3.2a	83.5±0.6a	44.4±2.2a	26.6±1.0ab	18.2±0.2ab
		IDCP	119.3±4.3a	86.3±3.2a	45.3±3.9a	27.8±0.4a	19.9±0.3a
	F值 F-value		1.39ns	1.04ns	0.27ns	3.81ns	4.33ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	94.9±1.5a	79.0±1.5a	33.8±0.4b	21.2±0.4b	15.8±0.4c
		HCP	95.1±3.8a	83.8±2.6a	38.6±0.7b	24.1±0.8ab	18.2±0.2ab
		RFCP	97.1±1.6a	81.8±1.1a	38.6±1.7b	22.5±1.0ab	17.1±0.7bc
		IDCP	97.2±4.8a	83.1±2.9a	57.5±6.2a	25.4±0.6a	19.1±0.1a
	F值 F-value		0.15ns	1.02ns	10.16*	7.55*	12.06*
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	117.0±2.9b	101.0±8.0b	41.0±4.5b	24.8±0.7a	18.7±0.3a
		HCP	144.8±2.4a	137.8±2.0a	70.4±2.5a	27.4±0.6a	20.4±0.7a
		RFCP	134.8±9.0ab	124.4±11.0ab	61.2±0.6a	26.6±0.8a	19.8±0.3a
		IDCP	132.1±1.0ab	122.2±5.9ab	50.6±0.4b	25.0±0.7a	18.9±0.2a
	F值 F-value		5.50ns	4.16ns	23.59**	2.28ns	2.01ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	126.8±7.9b	113.6±7.0c	60.1±1.5c	26.7±0.2ab	20.1±0.1a
		HCP	166.5±6.4a	153.2±4.6a	80.2±0.6a	27.9±0.7a	21.1±0.2a
		RFCP	153.7±6.0a	140.9±6.0ab	73.3±2.7ab	24.3±0.8bc	19.6±0.7a
		IDCP	153.9±1.2a	130.2±4.7bc	67.6±2.8bc	23.2±1.0c	16.9±0.5b
	F值 F-value		10.16*	8.74*	16.24**	7.99*	16.31*

Effects of Cultivation Patterns on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization, and Population Quality of Wheat Under Rice-Wheat Rotation

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年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	氮素积累量 N accumulation (kg·hm^-2)				氮素转运量 N transportation (kg·hm^-2)
年度 Year	地点 Site	模式 Pattern	越冬始期 BW	拔节期 SE	开花期 AN	成熟期 MA	氮素转运量 N transportation (kg·hm^-2)
2018	邗江 Hanjiang	TCP	14.6±0.9a	52.5±0.5a	178.0±0.3a	205.6±5.4b	100.2±0.7c
		HCP	10.6±0.9b	36.0±0.3b	186.8±2.6a	223.5±4.5a	116.2±1.9b
		RFCP	10.1±0.3b	35.5±1.1b	182.5±7.1a	216.9±5.1ab	109.1±2.0bc
		IDCP	10.8±0.7b	47.0±0.6a	195.2±5.5a	233.4±2.6a	129.7±4.9a
	F值 F-value		7.45*	22.03**	2.46ns	7.25*	19.13**
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	10.8±0.1a	43.0±1.7a	169.8±4.3b	185.8±5.4b	90.3±1.1c
		HCP	8.7±0.7b	31.8±2.7b	181.8±4.6ab	209.4±2.4ab	111.4±2.3b
		RFCP	7.5±0.3b	31.4±2.1b	173.3±1.9b	198.1±1.8ab	103.1±0.1bc
		IDCP	8.8±0.4b	39.4±4.1ab	191.2±3.8a	221.8±9.5a	128.6±3.6a
	F值 F-value		8.27*	4.24ns	6.20ns	5.59ns	16.01*
2019	仪征 Yizheng	TCP	11.4±0.6a	40.6±3.3ab	171.4±7.1b	193.0±4.7b	99.4±2.4b
		HCP	9.9±0.4a	36.3±1.1bc	201.5±4.7a	232.2±10.5a	126.7±4.3a
		RFCP	10.8±0.3a	33.1±1.5c	189.6±3.8ab	217.0±6.2ab	117.9±2.4ab
		IDCP	11.4±0.3a	47.8±0.3ab	179.8±4.9b	204.4±5.6ab	106.4±0.7ab
	F值 F-value		2.77ns	11.47*	6.01ns	3.00ns	3.64ns
	睢宁 Suining	TCP	16.0±0.2a	54.8±0.3ab	184.4±5.2b	210.8±10.8b	117.1±3.5c
		HCP	12.2±0.6b	54.0±3.7ab	221.0±8.9a	255.6±7.7a	153.4±3.8a
		RFCP	13.7±0.5b	42.2±4.1b	204.9±4.6ab	236.6±3.4ab	137.6±3.6b
		IDCP	15.4±0.3a	60.9±3.9a	193.6±5.1b	221.9±8.6b	128.0±1.2bc
	F值 F-value		15.26*	5.27ns	6.47ns	5.75ns	22.88**