Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (9): 2042-2060.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.09.015

• AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT • Previous Articles    

Synergistic Enhancement Mechanisms and Eco-Economic Value of a “Fruit-Medicinal Herb-Edible Fungus-Bee” Integrated Model in the Litchi Industry

LI XiangLin1(), LI YouHong1(), DUAN Jun2, QI TieChen1, LIU JieSheng1, CAI Min1, ZHAO HaiYun1, WANG HaiHua3   

  1. 1 Guangzhou Huali College, Guangzhou 511325
    2 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650
    3 Guangzhou Zengcheng District Forestry and Landscape Science Research Institute, Guangzhou 511300
  • Received:2025-05-08 Accepted:2026-04-02 Online:2026-05-01 Published:2026-05-06
  • Contact: LI YouHong

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Abstract:

【Objective】To address the problems of cultivar aging, yield fluctuation, and inefficient resource utilization in the litchi industry, a four-dimensional planting and breeding model integrating fruit, medicinal herb, edible fungus, and bee was proposed. The synergistic enhancement mechanism and eco-economic value of this model were investigated through technological integration and methodological innovation, so as to provide a practical approach for rural revitalization and the achievement of the dual-carbon goals.【Method】By coupling data envelopment analysis (DEA) with life cycle assessment (LCA), a two-dimensional evaluation framework for resource-use efficiency and carbon emissions was constructed, and further combined with cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for comprehensive assessment. The integrated technologies included grafting of the litchi cultivar Xianjinfeng (cambial division rate of 3.2 μm·h-1), epiphytic cultivation of Dendrobium officinale (survival rate of 96.26%), cultivation of edible fungi using pruned branches as substrate (ligninolytic enzyme activity of 4.8 U·mg-1), and pollination by Apis cerana (fruit-setting rate of 78%). The DEA-BCC model under variable returns to scale was adopted, with land, labor, capital, and material inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides as input indicators, and economic return and carbon-emission reduction as output indicators. LCA was conducted in accordance with ISO 14044 to quantify life-cycle carbon emissions. Data were collected from 50 planting units from 2019 to 2024, including 30 units under the four-dimensional model and 20 units under the conventional model. Monte Carlo simulation with 10 000 iterations was used to control uncertainty within 15%.【Result】Compared with the conventional model, the four-dimensional model showed significant advantages. The DEA comprehensive efficiency reached 0.92, much higher than 0.16 under the conventional model. Light interception efficiency increased to 86%, and the utilization rate of pruned branches reached 100%. Carbon emissions were reduced by 32% (1.2 vs. 1.8 t CO2-eq/mu, 1 mu=666.7 m2), among which branch recycling contributed 0.66 t CO2-eq/mu (60% of total emission reduction), and bee pollination contributed 0.18 t CO2-eq/mu (15%). Net profit reached 101 500 yuan per mu, with a static payback period of 0.76 years and an internal rate of return of 129%. MCDA results showed that the comprehensive score of the four-dimensional model was 0.82, significantly higher than 0.21 for the conventional model, and the former performed best in resource-use efficiency (0.92), carbon reduction (0.6 t CO2-eq/mu), and employment promotion (120 persons per 100 mu).【Conclusion】The fruit-medicinal herb-edible fungus-bee” four-dimensional planting and breeding model formed a diversified income structure through the synergistic effects of light-energy utilization, resource recycling, and pollination enhancement, thereby effectively mitigating the risk of alternate bearing in litchi production. Its major innovations included the expanded adaptation of Dendrobium officinale to high-light conditions (Fv/Fm = 0.82), efficient branch decomposition by highly active fungal strains (decomposition cycle of 45 d), and a performance evaluation framework based on DEA-LCA coupling. This study provided a technical paradigm for the implementation of the “High-Quality Development Project for Counties, Towns and Villages” in Guangdong Province and offers theoretical and practical support for the green transformation of agriculture.

Key words: litchi industry stereoscopic planting and breeding, DEA-LCA model, synergistic enhancement, low-carbon agriculture, rural revitalization

Fig. 1

Abandoned litchi orchards A: Litchi orchard abandoned for 20 years in Jiaoxi Village, Bomei Town, Shanwei City; B: 5-year abandoned lychee orchard in Mawu Village, Zengcheng District, Guangzhou"

Fig. 2

Four-dimensional integrated cultivation technology framework"

Table 1

Data preprocessing for the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model"

变量名称
Variable name		 定义与测量方法
Definition and measurement		 数据来源
Data source		 预处理步骤
Preprocessing step
土地（亩）
Land area (mu)		 荔枝经营实际用地面积
Actual operated land area for litchi production		 示范基地实测
Measured data from demonstration base		 直接采用实测值；剔除撂荒地块（如某村××亩荒废果园）
Directly use measured values; exclude abandoned plots
劳动（工日/亩·年）
Labor (person-days/ mu·year)		 年劳动投入量，覆盖修剪、施肥打药、采收及菌菇/蜂群管理等
Total annual labor inputs covering pruning, fertilization/pesticide application, harvesting, and mushroom/beekeeping management		 田间用工记录、农户台账
Field labor logs and farm accounts		 统一折算工日；缺失值以相邻时段均值插补；异常值用箱线图处理
Standardize to person-days; impute missing values; boxplot outlier treatment
资本（元/亩·年）
Capital (CNY/mu·year)		 固定资产年化投入（灌溉设施、蜂箱、菌菇处理设备等），按折旧年限与残值率折算
Annualized fixed capital input (irrigation facilities, beehives, mushroom-related equipment), annualized by depreciation and salvage value		 资产清单、购置发票与合作社记录
Asset inventory, purchase invoices, and cooperative records		 资本年化=（原值-残值）/年限；按面积分摊；币值口径统一
Annualize capital input and allocate by operated area; unify monetary unit
物质投入（元/亩·年）Material inputs
(CNY/mu·year)		 化肥（N/P等）与农药等投入强度
Fertilizer (N/P, etc.) and pesticide input intensity		 田间投入品记录、LCA清单核算
Farm input logs and LCA inventory		 缺失值插补；极端值剔除；必要时进行对数变换稳定方差
Impute missing values; remove extremes; optional log transform
经济收益（元/亩）
Economic net income (CNY/mu)		 荔枝+石斛+红松茸+蜂蜜收入减成本
Net income = revenue minus cost (litchi + dendrobium + mushroom + honey)		 田间经济账目
Field economic account		 成本与收入口径统一；按亩折算；核对异常记录
Unify accounting scopes; convert per mu; verify anomalies
碳减排量（t CO2-eq/亩）Carbon emission reduction (t CO2-eq/mu) 与传统模式相比的减排量
Emission reduction compared with the traditional mode		 LCA模型结果
LCA model result		 与DEA边界一致的数据共享；不确定性用蒙特卡洛结果报告区间
Align system boundaries; report uncertainty intervals if available

Table 2

Reference values of key emission factors (EF)"

活动Activity 排放因子Emission factor 来源Source
氮肥生产Nitrogen fertilizer production 6.7 t CO2-eq/ton IPCC 2023
磷肥生产Phosphorus fertilizer production 1.2 t CO2-eq/ton CLCD
柴油燃烧Diesel combustion 2.68 kg CO2-eq/L 中国能源统计年鉴China energy statistical yearbook
荔枝枯枝焚烧Lychee pruning waste incineration 1.8 t CO2-eq/ton 农业农村部实测数据
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs measured data

Table 3

Preprocessing of main data for life cycle assessment (LCA)"

参数类别
Parameter category		 四维一体模式
Four-dimensional mode		 传统模式
Traditional mode		 数据来源与预处理
Data source and preprocessing
土地占用（亩）
Land occupation (mu)		 1 1 示范基地实测数据
Demonstration base measured data
化肥用量（kg/亩·年）
Chemical fertilizer Dosage (kg/mu·year)		 氮肥：24.6；磷肥：8.4
Nitrogen fertilizer: 24.6; Phosphorus fertilizer: 8.4		 氮肥：41；磷肥：11.7
Nitrogen fertilizer: 41; Phosphorus fertilizer: 11.7		 田间账目（2019—2024年），经正态分布检验剔除异常值
Field accounts (2019-2024), with outliers removed via normal distribution test
农药用量（kg/亩·年）
Pesticide dosage (kg/mu·year)		 0.8 2.3 汕尾市农业农村局统计，按作物需药量标准化
Statistics from Shanwei Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, standardized by crop pesticide demand
枯枝处理量（吨/亩）
Pruning waste Treatment amount (ton/mu)		 2.8（全量转化为红松茸基质）
2.8 (fully converted to stropharia rugosoannulata substrate)		 2.8（焚烧率60%；堆肥率40%）
2.8 (incineration rate 60%; composting rate 40%)		 农业农村部数据，结合IPCC排放因子
（EF=1.8 t CO2-eq/吨枯枝）计算碳排放
Data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, combined with IPCC emission factor (EF=1.8 t CO2-eq/ton pruning waste) to calculate carbon emissions
灌溉能耗（kW/亩）
Irrigation energy consumption (kW/mu)		 120 200 广东省农业用电标准，经电表实测校准
Guangdong agricultural electricity standard, calibrated by electricity meter measurement
运输距离（km）
Transportation distance (km)		 50（冷链车，能耗系数0.15 L·km-1）
50 (refrigerated truck, energy consumption coefficient 0.15 L·km-1)		 80（普通货车，能耗系数0.25 L/km）
80 (ordinary truck, energy consumption coefficient 0.25 L/km)		 物流公司数据，按柴油碳排放因子（2.68 kg CO2- eq/L）折算
Logistics company data, converted by diesel carbon emission factor (2.68 kg CO2-eq/L)

Table 4

Cost composition (per mu)"

成本类型
Cost type		 四维模式（元）
Four-dimensional model (yuan)		 传统模式（元）
Traditional model (yuan)		 计算依据
Calculation basis
初期投资（元）
Initial investment (yuan)		 80000 5000 四维模式：菌菇设备（50000元）+蜂箱（10000元）+石斛种苗（12000元）+其他（8000元）；传统模式：化肥+农药+基础农具
Four-dimensional model: Mushroom equipment (50000 yuan) + beehives (10000 yuan) + Dendrobium seedlings (12000 yuan) + others (8000 yuan); Traditional model: Chemical fertilizers + pesticides + basic farm tools
年运营成本（元）
Annual operating cost (yuan)		 28000 6500 四维模式：人工（15000元）+菌种（8000元）+蜜蜂饲料（5000元）；传统模式：化肥（4000元）+农药（2500元）
Four—dimensional model: Labor (15000 yuan) + bacterial strains (8000 yuan) + bee feed (5000 yuan); Traditional model: Chemical fertilizers (4000 yuan) + pesticides (2500 yuan)
政府补贴（元/年）
Government subsidy (yuan/year)		 3000 0 广东省“百千万工程”设施补贴，直接抵扣初期投资
Facility subsidy from Guangdong’s “Hundred-Thousand-Ten-Thousand Project”, directly deducted from initial investment

Table 5

Composition of benefits (per mu)"

产品类型
Product type		 四维模式年收益（元）
Four-dimensional annual revenue (yuan)		 传统模式年收益（元）
Traditional annual revenue (yuan)		 计算依据
Calculation basis
荔枝
Litchi		 30000 2000 四维模式：丰产期25000元+减产期12000元（年均）；传统模式：单产低+价格波动（年均2000元）
Four-dimensional model: High-yield period 25000 + low-yield period 12000 (annual average); Traditional model: Low yield + price fluctuation (annual average 2000 yuan)
铁皮石斛
Dendrobium officinale		 9600 0 存活率96.26%，鲜条产量80 kg/亩，市场单价120元/kg
Survival rate 96.26%, fresh strip yield 80 kg/mu, market unit price 120 yuan/kg
红松茸
Stropharia rugosoannulata		 59500 0 生物转化率15%，鲜菇产量1750 kg/亩，单价20元/kg
Bioconversion rate 15%, fresh mushroom yield 1 750 kg/mu, unit price 20 yuan/kg
蜂蜜
Honey		 2400 0 50箱蜂群，单箱产蜜40 kg/年，单价120元/kg
50 beehives, honey production per hive 40 kg/year, unit price 120 yuan/kg.
合计年收益
Total annual revenue		 101500 2000 —

Table 6

Evaluation index system and weight (determined by AHP method)"

准则层
Criterion layer		 指标层
Index layer		 权重
Weight		 指标性质
Index property		 数据来源
Data source
资源效率
Resource efficiency		 DEA综合效率
DEA comprehensive efficiency		 0.4 正指标
Positive indicator		 表7（四维模式0.92，传统模式0.16）
Table 7 (Four-dimensional model 0.92, traditional model 0.16)
环境影响
Environmental impact		 碳减排量（t CO2-eq/亩）
Carbon emission reduction
t CO2-eq/mu)		 0.3 正指标
Positive indicator		 表8（四维模式0.6，传统模式0.3）
Table 8 (Four-dimensional model 0.6, traditional model 0.3)
经济效益
Economic benefit		 传粉昆虫多样性指数
Pollinator diversity		 0.2 正指标
Positive indicator		 花期样点调查与统计
（Field survey & statistics）
社会效益
Social benefit		 就业带动人数（人/百亩）
Employment-Driven
population (persons/100 mu)		 0.1 正指标
Positive indicator		 四维120人，传统0人
Four-dimensional model 120 persons, traditional model 0 person

Table 7

Comparison of resource utilization efficiency of DEA model"

指标
Index		 完整四维模式
Four-dimensional model		 移除“药”
w/o Herb		 移除“菇”
w/o Mushroom		 移除“蜜”
w/o honey		 传统模式
Traditional model		 误差范围
Error range
综合效率（q）Overall efficiency (q) 0.92 0.72 0.83 0.87 0.16 ±0.03
光能截获率Light energy intercept rate (%) 86 70 86 86 45 ±5%
枯枝资源化率
Resource recovery rate of dead wood (%)		 100 100 40 100 40 ±3%
单位面积经济收益（元/亩）
Economic benefit per unit area (yuan/mu)		 101500 91900 95000 100000 2000 ±5000
荔枝单产（kg/亩）
Lychee yield per unit area (kg/mu)		 1000 880 1 000 800 1000 ±50

Table 8

Comparison of carbon emissions and emission reduction contributions in LCA model"

指标
Index		 完整四维模式
Four-dimensional model		 移除“药”
w/o Herb		 移除“菇”
w/o Mushroom		 移除“蜜”
w/o honey		 传统模式
Traditional model		 误差范围
Error range
碳排放（t CO2-eq/亩）
Carbon emissions (t CO2-eq/mu)		 1.2 1.2 1.28 1.2 1.80 ±0.18
枯枝处理碳排放
Pruning waste disposal reduces carbon emissions		 0 0 1.08 0 1.08 ±0.10
化肥生产碳排放
Carbon emissions from fertilizer production		 0.33 0.33 0.45 0.33 0.97 ±0.05
运输能耗碳排放
Transportation energy carbon emissions		 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.20 ±0.03
农药用量（kg/亩）
Pesticide dosage (kg/ mu)		 0.8 0.8 0.80 0.90 2.30 ±0.1

Table 9

Calculation of economic indicators (discount rate 8%, period 5 years)"

指标
Index		 四维模式
Four-dimensional model		 传统模式
Traditional model		 评价标准
Evaluation criteria
静态回收期（年）
Static payback period (years)		 0.76 (9 months) 2.5 越短越好（年为强可行性）
The shorter the better (strong feasibility in years)
净现值（NPV，元）
Net present value (NPV, yuan)		 367500 -12 500 >0为可行，数值越大越好
> 0 is feasible, the larger the better
内部收益率（IRR）
Internal rate of return (IRR)		 129% 15% >基准收益率（8%）为可行，越高越好
The benchmark yield (8%) is feasible, the higher the better
成本效益比（BCR）
Cost-benefit ratio (BCR)		 3.6 0.3 >1为可行，>3为高效益
> 1 is feasible, > 3 is high efficiency

Table 10

TOPSIS method comprehensive ranking"

评价对象
Evaluation object		 资源效率
Resource efficiency		 碳减排量
Carbon reduction		 年净收益（元）
Net income
for the year (yuan)		 就业人数
Employed Homo sapiens count		 综合得分
Overall score
四维一体模式 Four-dimensional model 0.92 0.6 73005 120 0.82
“果-蜜”模式 “Fruit-Nectar” model 0.75 0.2 32000 30 0.58
“果-菇”模式 “Fruit-Mushroom” model 0.80 0.4 45000 50 0.65
传统模式 Traditional model 0.16 -0.3 -45000 0 0.21

Fig. 3

Field effect of four-dimensional integrated planting and breeding in lychee industry"

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