非编码RNA对哺乳动物精子发生过程的调控

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.016

Abstract

Abstract: Spermatogenesis starts with spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which possess the ability of self-renewal and differentiation. SSCs are capable of differentiation to form Asingle (As) spermatogonia, Apaired (Apr) spermatogonia, Aaligned (Aal) spermatogonia, A1-A4 spermatogonia, intermediate spermatogonia, and B spermatogonia. Type B spermatogonia divide forming the primary spermatocytes, which undergo a long meiosis time to form secondary spermatocytes. Then secondary spermatocytes go through meiosis II to produce round spermatids, which will undergo a series of processes called spermiogenesis containing morphological changes, replacement histone by protamine, nuclear condensation and formation of flagellum. Finally, the mature spermatozoa are released into the lumen. This process requires precise and highly ordered regulation of gene expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Recent advances in research have revealed that several types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and endogenous small-interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), are essential for spermatogenesis. These ncRNAs are expressed in a cell-specific and step-specific manner to participate in the control of spermatogenesis. MiRNAs are a class of endogenous non coding single stranded RNA molecules of about 21-25 nt that widely exist in various kinds of organisms, its formation needs at least two RNA enzymes such as Drosha and Dicer, which can also degrade target mRNA or inhibit target mRNA translation, have an important regulatory role in maintaining the stemness, self-renewal of SSCs, regulating differentiation, and involved germ cell meiosis and spermatogenesis. piRNAs are a large class of small RNAs that are 24-32 nt in length found in 2006, which could execute the biological function through interactions with Piwi proteins without Dicer enzyme, also silence transposons and retroposons at the epigenetic and posttranscriptional levels, maintain the genomic stability and integrity of germ cell, regulate cell proliferation, meiosis and spermatogenesis. LncRNAs are one of ncRNAs longer than 200 nt, their production process and structure are similar to the mRNA. Different sources of lncRNAs could regulate the stemness, differentiation of SSCs, and modulate germ cell apoptosis in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner. Some lncRNAs could also regulate the expression of miRNAs thus regulate the process of spermatogenesis. CircRNAs, differs from the traditional linear RNA, is a new type of RNA, which is conserved in different species, and specifically expressed in different tissues and developmental stages. Its formation processing mode is related to its sequence, the same gene locus could produce a variety of circRNAs through selective cyclization. Studies indicated that circRNAs can be combined with miRNAs to regulate spermatogenesis. Compared with other ncRNAs, the biogenesis of endo-siRNAs is simple, and has the same effect as miRNAs, which plays an important role in spermatogenesis and male reproduction. Therefore, this review summarized the regulatory role of ncRNAs during spermatogenesis, which provided insight into the further research on ncRNAs during spermatogenesis.

Key words: spermatogenesis, noncoding RNAs, regulatory role

CHEN Rui, YU Shuai, CHEN XiaoXu, DU Jian, ZHU ZhenDong, PAN ChuanYing, ZENG WenXian. Regulatory Role of Noncoding RNAs During Spermatogenesis[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(2): 380-390.

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