长期施氮对茶园土壤真菌多样性、功能类群及群落构建的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 真菌是调控土壤生态功能的重要因素，解析长期施氮条件下茶园土壤真菌群落多样性、功能类群及群落构建机制的变化规律，确定茶园氮肥适宜用量，为制定茶园长期合理施氮量提供科学依据。【方法】 依托于2011年开始的长期田间水泥池定位试验，设置4种施氮水平（不施氮肥，N0；低量施氮，112.5 kg·hm^-2，N1；中量施氮，225 kg·hm^-2，N2；高量施氮，450 kg·hm^-2，N3），采集第10年（2020年）春茶和秋茶季节土壤样品，利用ITS高通量测序技术分析长期施氮对土壤真菌多样性、功能类群及群落构建的影响。【结果】 与N0处理相比，长期施氮均可显著提高茶鲜叶产量，增幅分别是137.8%—430.2%（春季）和33.4%—67.5%（秋季），其中N2和N3处理差异不显著。随着施氮量的增加，真菌多样性呈先增加后降低趋势，N3处理真菌Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著低于N0处理。非度量多维度分析（NMDS）和置换多元方差分析（PERMANOVA）结果表明，施氮显著改变真菌的群落结构。FUNGuild真菌功能预测发现，长期施氮显著改变春茶期间土壤真菌功能，秋茶则变化不显著。与N0处理相比，N2和N3处理降低茶园土壤植物病原菌和土壤腐生真菌的相对丰度（尤其是春茶），N2处理提高了土壤欧石南类菌根和丛枝菌根两类有益真菌的相对丰度。冗余分析结果表明，土壤pH、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效钾是影响土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群变化最主要的因素。与N0处理相比，施氮处理均增加了真菌网络边数、平均度、平均聚类系数和网络密度，增强了网络结构稳定性。在群落演替过程中，随机性过程主导长期施氮下茶园土壤真菌群落构建，中低氮处理增强了确定性过程在群落组装中的作用。【结论】 从茶叶产量、群落多样性、富集有益微生物及网络稳定性角度综合分析，施用氮肥225 kg·hm^-2是较合理的氮肥用量。

关键词: 长期施氮, 茶园, 真菌群落结构, 功能预测, 网络分析, 群落构建

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of soil fungal diversity, functional groups, and community assembly in tea garden soils subjected to varying long-term nitrogen applications. Additionally, it sought to determine the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application rate for tea gardens, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the sustainable and rational use of nitrogen in tea cultivation. 【Method】 The field experiment (small cement pond) was set up in the base of the Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, (beginning in 2011), and four nitrogen levels were applied: N0 (0), N1 (112.5 kg N·hm^-2), N2 (225 kg N·hm^-2), N3 (450 kg N·hm^-2), and each treatment was repeated four times. ITS high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the effects of long-term nitrogen applications on the soil fungal diversity, functional groups, and community assembly. 【Result】 Compared with N0, long-term nitrogen increased the yield of spring and autumn tea by 137.79%-430.20% and 33.43%-67.49%, respectively, but there was no significant difference between N2 and N3 treatments. The soil fungal diversity tended to initially increase and then decrease with increasing nitrogen addition in two seasons. Compared with N0, N3 significantly increased the Ace, Chao1 and Shannon of fungal. Results of non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed that long-term nitrogen application drastically changed the community structures of soil fungi in tea plantations. The functional prediction with FUNGuild showed that long-term nitrogen application significantly changed the functions of soil fungi during the spring period, but the changes were not significant during the autumn. Compared with the N0 treatment, N2 and N3 treatments decreased the relative abundance of plant pathogens and soil saprotrophs fungi (especially during the spring tea), and N2 treatment increased the relative abundances of two beneficial fungi, namely ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the soil pH, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available potassium were the main factors for determining fungal community structure and functional groups. Compared with N0 treatment, the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the number of edges, average degree, average clustering coefficient, and network density of the fungal network, and so enhanced the stability of the fungal community and improved its resistance to disturbances. In the process of community succession, stochastic processes dominated the construction of the tea garden soil fungal community under long-term nitrogen application, and the deterministic processes were enhanced in the community assembly under the low and medium nitrogen treatments. 【Conclusion】 From the perspective of yield, community diversity, enrichment of enrichment of beneficial fungi, and network stability, the applying nitrogen fertilizer of 225 kg N·hm^-2was a reasonable amount for tea plant.

Key words: long-term nitrogen application, tea garden, fungal community structure, functional prediction, co-occurrence network, community assembly

王峰, 常云妮, 吴志丹, 孙君, 江福英, 陈玉真, 余文权. 长期施氮对茶园土壤真菌多样性、功能类群及群落构建的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(2): 368-385.

WANG Feng, CHANG YunNi, WU ZhiDan, SUN Jun, JIANG FuYing, CHEN YuZhen, YU WenQuan. Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Application on Soil Fungal Diversity, Functional Groups and Assembly Processes in Tea Gardens[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 368-385.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.011

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2026/V59/I2/368

图/表 13

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表1

不同施氮处理下茶园土壤理化性质和茶叶产量"

指标 Indicator	春季 Spring				秋季 Autumn				施氮量 Nitrogen (N)	季节 Seasons(S)	N×S
指标 Indicator	N0	N1	N2	N3	N0	N1	N2	N3	施氮量 Nitrogen (N)	季节 Seasons(S)	N×S
SOM (g·kg^-1)	19.02±2.67Ab	20.14±1.58Aab	19.67±1.19Aab	22.38±1.46Aa	15.53±3.11Aa	21.07±1.98Aa	17.34±3.23Aa	31.5±11.69Ab	6.792***	0.412^NS	2.98^NS
TN (g·kg^-1)	0.69±0.04Bb	0.89±0.09Aa	0.96±0.05Aa	0.97±0.13Aa	0.87±0.06Ab	1.04±0.11Aa	0.97±0.17Aa	1.44±0.22Aa	14.465***	19.718***	4.231*
AN (mg·kg^-1)	29.03±5.44Ab	35.93±8.29Aa	40.22±9.91Aa	58.18±7.45Aa	39.90±3.54Ab	40.93±11.57Ab	42.97±0.05Ab	62.93±10.48Aa	16.835***	4.296	0.386^NS
NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	3.48±0.58Ac	2.13±2.09Ac	9.48±2.71Ab	14.53±5.04Aa	1.04±0.40Ab	1.27±0.23Ab	1.29±0.17Ab	2.38±0.81Bb	16.223***	58.105***	11.327***
NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	13.4±5.38Bb	19.19±1.46Bb	25.01±7.86Bb	40.98±17.52Aa	50.54±0.97Aa	51.19±0.69Aa	50.12±0.77Aa	50.32±1.23Aa	5.403**	106.334***	5.789**
TP (g·kg^-1)	0.60±0.05Aa	0.71±0.11Aa	0.63±0.12Aa	0.68±0.02Aa	0.61±0.03Ab	0.65±0.09Ab	0.67±0.03Ab	0.76±0.04Aa	3.189*	0.524^NS	1.077^NS
AP (mg·kg^-1)	73.87±18.79Ba	61.34±16.14Aa	76.3±37.53Aa	80.75±3.57Ba	183.76±37.44Aa	91.24±41.03Ab	85.22±50.91Ab	197.17±62.2Aa	5.758**	24.271***	4.157*
TK (g·kg^-1)	28.02±1.51Aa	27.66±0.75Aa	25.97±2.04Aa	29.17±1.44Aa	28.07±1.34Aab	26.9±0.92Ab	26.47±0.97Ab	29.42±0.78Aa	8.027***	0.01^NS	0.36^NS
AK (mg·kg^-1)	291.01±21.9Aa	303.66±7.13Aa	243.01±6.21Ab	210.75±41.12Ab	287.75±21.06Aa	270.33±36.02Aab	243.75±18.33Abc	225.75±6.7Ac	17.573***	0.396^NS	1.507^NS
pH	5.16±0.27Aa	5.16±0.04Aa	4.83±0.24Aab	4.55±0.24Ab	5.29±0.03Aa	5.01±0.08Ab	4.96±0.08Ab	4.75±0.08Ac	3.029*	49.546***	0.551^NS
UR (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	179.11±33.3Bd	286.66±12.53Bc	408.04±61.39Bb	664.58±100.81Aa	361.47±147Ab	722.46±239.73Aab	960.61±395.64Aab	1062.5±640.64Aa	6.223**	14.885**	0.578^NS
NIR (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	9.42±5.24Aa	9.40±5.61Aa	5.96±3.88Aa	4.60±2.78Aa	8.34±2.63Aa	11.10±2.43Aa	8.90±3.19Aa	6.05±3.54Aa	2.427^NS	0.854^NS	0.388^NS
INV (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	4.83±3.42Aa	6.67±2.19Aa	5.49±1.14Aa	3.60±0.93Aa	7.41±2.86Aa	9.24±2.75Aa	5.69±3.09Aa	6.23±2.01Aa	2.252^NS	5.258*	0.474^NS
PPO (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	8.23±4.84Aa	6.35±0.49Aa	6.38±1.19Aa	4.92±0.75Ba	6.96±1.53Ab	11.1±5.04Ab	6.64±1.19Ab	20.34±10.37Aa	2.805^NS	9.021**	5.587**
CAT (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	4.79±2.54Aa	2.12±1.04Ba	2.95±1.20Ba	4.31±5.53Aa	13.71±6.93Aa	12.67±1.02Aa	12.65±3.74Aa	14.52±13.60Aa	0.23^NS	21.546***	0.028^NS
ACP (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	19.64±3.16Bb	25.09±0.84Bab	32.78±12.03Aa	23.05±2.53Bab	33.34±4.54Ab	37.67±3.33Ab	38.65±4.87Ab	49.40±5.08Aa	5.395**	56.23***	4.801**
产量Yield (t·hm^-2)	1.11±0.35Bc	2.60±0.51Bb	4.90±1.10Aa	5.88±0.63Aa	3.60±0.25Ac	4.69±0.23Ab	5.31±0.68Aab	6.03±0.53Aa	34.331***	110.921***	5.258*

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表3

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图5

图6

图7

表4

表5

图8

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季节 Seasons	处理 Treatment	Sobs指数 Sobs index	Ace指数 Ace index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index	Shannon 指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index	覆盖度 Coverage (%)
春季 Spring	N0	822±45Aab	906±51Aa	905±48Aa	4.31±0.21Aa	0.04±0.01Bb	99.82
	N1	858±146Aa	969±135Aa	974±141Aa	4.16±0.61Aab	0.07±0.05Aab	99.77
	N2	818±75Aab	923±77Aa	932±65Aa	3.81±0.45Aab	0.11±0.06Aab	99.80
	N3	676±69Ab	745±70Ab	745±69Ab	3.51±0.29Ab	0.12±0.03Aa	99.85
秋季 Autumn	N0	693±89Bab	796±77Aab	795±83Aab	3.53±0.44Ba	0.11±0.04Aa	99.80
	N1	793±106Aa	900±107Aa	892±95Aa	3.92±0.53Aa	0.08±0.06Aa	99.80
	N2	702±12Bab	838±37Aab	839±32Ba	3.49±0.22Aa	0.12±0.04Aa	99.78
	N3	637±30Ab	727±27Ab	726±34Ab	3.54±0.45Aa	0.12±0.06Aa	99.81
施氮量Nitrogen (N)		5.76**	8.731**	9.235**	2.512^NS	1.884^NS
季节Seasons(S)		9.089**	6.174**	7.48**	4.586*	1.88^NS
施氮量×季节N×S		0.537^NS	0.466^NS	0.508^NS	1.226^NS	0.814^NS

分类Classification	因素Factor	施氮量Nitrogen (N)	季节Seasons(S)	施氮量×季节 N×S
门 Phylum	子囊菌门Ascomycota	0.448^NS	0.034^NS	0.382^NS
	担子菌门Basidiomycota	1.312^NS	2.267^NS	0.39^NS
	未知分类菌门 Unclassified_k__Fungi	1.971^NS	1.999^NS	0.023^NS
	被孢霉门Mortierellomycota	0.858^NS	9.239**	1.066^NS
	罗兹菌门Rozellomycota	4.998**	1.516^NS	0.843^NS
	球囊菌门Glomeromycota	3.198*	2.062^NS	1.21^NS
属 Genus	沙蜥属Saitozyma	1.287^NS	3.132^NS	0.512^NS
	未知分类菌属 Unclassified_k__Fungi	1.971^NS	1.999^NS	0.023^NS
	镰刀属Fusarium	7.43**	0.091^NS	0.504^NS
	木霉属 Trichoderma	0.418^NS	2.213^NS	0.944^NS
	被孢霉属 Mortierella	1.231^NS	8.847**	0.992^NS
	青霉属Penicillium	36.053**	8.18**	1.161^NS
	毛壳菌属 Chaetomium	0.528^NS	7.6**	0.889^NS
	Unclassified_p__Ascomycota	2.979*	0.028^NS	0.421^NS
	枝孢菌属Cladosporium	0.567^NS	3.435^NS	0.801^NS
	Unclassified_c__Archaeorhizomycetes	0.748^NS	0.843^NS	0.351^NS

拓扑参数 Topological parameters	N0	N1	N2	N3
边数Edges	140	178	159	173
正相关边数Positive edges	78 (55.71%)	122 (68.54%)	86 (54.09%)	90 (52.02%)
负相关边数Negative edges	62 (44.29%)	56 (31.46%)	73 (45.91%)	83 (47.98%)
节点Nodes	91	89	89	94
网络直径Network diameter	22	11	18	12
模块性Modularity	0.734	0.693	0.750	0.676
平均度Average degree	3.077	4.000	3.573	3.681
平均路径长度Average path length	7.364	4.871	6.889	5.188
平均聚类系数 Average clustering coefficient	0.351	0.399	0.490	0.441
网络密度Network density	0.034	0.045	0.041	0.040
模块数 Number of modules	5	10	13	11

季节 Seasons	处理 Treatment	确定性过程Determinism (%)			随机性过程Stochasticity (%)
季节 Seasons	处理 Treatment	异质选择Heterogeneous selection	同质选择Homogeneous selection	比例之和 Total	同质扩散 Homogeneous dispersal	扩散限制 Dispersal limitation	生态漂变 Drift	比例之和 Total
春季 Spring	N0	29.76	0.73	30.48	0.20	30.20	39.12	69.52
	N1	42.40	0.02	42.42	0.90	23.41	33.27	57.58
	N2	41.10	0.16	41.26	0.24	23.50	34.99	58.74
	N3	24.31	0.46	24.77	0.80	26.90	47.53	75.23
秋季 Autumn	N0	36.90	0.01	36.91	1.23	21.28	40.58	63.09
	N1	48.96	0.10	49.06	0.13	20.67	30.14	50.94
	N2	52.03	0.00	52.03	0.90	13.95	33.11	47.96
	N3	51.08	0.37	51.45	1.17	11.57	35.81	48.55