中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (15): 3097-3117.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.15.012

• 食品科学与工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于氨基酸及其理化特性分析食用菌替代蛋白的潜力

俞云燕(), 马高兴*(), 段亚宁, 陶琦, 李辛奕, 胡秋辉, 马宁   

  1. 南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院/江苏省食用菌保鲜与深加工工程研究中心/江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京 210023
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-21 接受日期:2025-05-06 出版日期:2025-08-01 发布日期:2025-07-30
  • 通信作者:
    马高兴,E-mail:
  • 联系方式: 俞云燕,E-mail:yuyunyan_email@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省重点研发计划(现代农业)(BE2022378); 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(KYCX24_1931)

The Potential of Alternative Proteins from Edible Fungi Based on Amino Acid and Physicochemical Characterization

YU YunYan(), MA GaoXing*(), DUAN YaNing, TAO Qi, LI XinYi, HU QiuHui, MA Ning   

  1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023
  • Received:2024-12-21 Accepted:2025-05-06 Published:2025-08-01 Online:2025-07-30

摘要:

【目的】 从营养和加工的角度出发,分析常见食用菌蛋白的氨基酸构成、理化性质和结构特征,以明确食用菌源蛋白质的营养价值优势及其在食品加工过程中的潜在应用。【方法】 从原料可得性和经济效益的角度,挑选香菇、双孢蘑菇、白玉菇、平菇、蟹味菇、茶树菇、金针菇、杏鲍菇等8种食用菌为研究对象,比较不同食用菌蛋白在氨基酸组成和消化率上的差异,通过氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数等指标,对标全鸡蛋蛋白、小麦蛋白、大豆蛋白等,分析食用菌营养价值及作为替代蛋白的优势。分析不同食用菌蛋白的溶解性、持水性、持油性、乳化性、起泡性等理化特性,通过傅里叶红外光谱和扫描电镜分析其结构特征,建立理化特性与结构之间的关系,分析食用菌蛋白在食品工业中的应用潜力。【结果】 8种食用菌蛋白的必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(essential amino acids/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)比值均在40%左右,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/nonessential amino acid,EAA/NEAA)比值在60%以上,符合理想蛋白质模式。香菇蛋白的氨基酸组成最接近氨基酸模式谱和参考蛋白的氨基酸组成,必需氨基酸指数为66.31,通过消化率对氨基酸评分进行校正,香菇蛋白的整体评分仍然最高,是优质的蛋白质来源。此外,茶树菇蛋白的必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸的47.12%,接近乳清蛋白,是必需氨基酸的良好补充源。白玉菇蛋白的消化率为89.59%,且为快速消化蛋白,可应用于运动后身体机能的快速恢复。8种食用菌蛋白的理化特性也存在显著差异,白玉菇和蟹味菇表现出良好的持水性、持油性及乳化性,有广泛的食品加工应用场景。【结论】 通过食用菌营养评价体系,香菇蛋白的氨基酸组成综合评价最高,因此,可以考虑将香菇蛋白作为单独的蛋白补充剂。平菇、杏鲍菇、白玉菇及蟹味菇蛋白在不同方面表现出了加工优势和结构相似性,可应用于肉制品、面制品、烘焙食品等多种食品的生产加工,实现食用菌蛋白营养和加工优势的最大化利用。

关键词: 食用菌, 替代蛋白, 氨基酸分析, 体外消化, 理化特性, 结构分析

Abstract:

【Objective】 From the perspectives of nutrition and processing, the amino acid composition, physicochemical properties, and structural characteristics of common edible fungal proteins were analyzed to elucidate the nutritional benefits of proteins derived from fungi, and to explore their prospective applications within the realm of food processing.【Method】 From the vantage points of raw material accessibility and economic advantages, eight species of edible fungi were chosen as subjects for this study: Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Hypsizigus marmoreus (white cultivar), Pleurotus ostreatus, Hypsizygus marmoreus (brown cultivar), Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina filiformis, and Pleurotus eryngii. To evaluate the disparities in amino acid composition and digestibility of their proteins, by utilizing metrics such as ratio of amino acid and amino acid ratio coefficient, the nutritional value and potential benefits of these fungal proteins as substitutes for conventional proteins were assessed by comparing them with whole egg protein, wheat protein, and soybean protein. The physicochemical properties of various edible fungal proteins were analyzed, including solubility, water-holding property, oil-holding property, emulsifying property, and foaming property. The structural characteristics were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The correlation between physicochemical properties and structural characteristics were established, and the potential applications of edible fungal proteins within the food industry were assessed.【Result】 The EAA/TAA ratios of all eight edible fungal proteins were approximately 40%, while the EAA/NEAA ratios exceeded 60%, aligning with the ideal protein model. The amino acid profile of L. edodes protein exhibited the greatest similarity to the amino acid pattern spectrum and the reference protein's amino acid composition, boasting an essential amino acid index of 66.31. Upon adjusting the amino acid score to account for digestibility, L. edodes protein continued to hold the highest overall score, establishing it as a high-quality protein source. Furthermore, the essential amino acids of A. aegerita protein constituted 47.12% of its total amino acid profile, a figure comparable to that of whey protein, thereby rendering it an exceptional supplementary source of these vital essential amino acids. The digestibility of the protein from H. marmoreus (white cultivar) was 89.59%, and as a protein that is rapidly digestible, it would be suitable for facilitating swift physical recovery post-exercise. The physicochemical properties of the eight edible fungal proteins also exhibited considerable differences. Both H. marmoreus (white cultivar) and H. marmoreus (brown cultivar) displayed favorable water-holding, oil-holding and emulsifying properties, suggesting extensive potential applications within the realm of food processing.【Conclusion】 Utilizing the nutritional evaluation system for edible fungi, the amino acid profile of L. edodes protein has been determined to possess the highest overall rating, thus establishing L. edodes protein as a viable standalone protein supplement. The proteins of P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, H. marmoreus (white cultivar) and H. marmoreus (brown cultivar) possessed processing advantages and structural similarities in various aspects, rendering them suitable for application in the production and processing of meat products, flour-based products, and baked goods, thereby optimizing the utilization of their nutritional and processing benefits.

Key words: edible fungi, alternative proteins, amino acid analysis, in vitro digestion, physicochemical properties, structural analysis