水稻落粒性研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

落粒性是限制水稻产量的重要因素之一，培育落粒性适中的水稻新品种是全球水稻育种面临的重要挑战。水稻作为我国最重要的粮食作物之一，为国家粮食安全提供了重要保障。落粒性是水稻驯化过程中最重要的性状之一，离层是控制水稻落粒性的重要部位。与野生稻相比，栽培稻的离层发育不完整，导致其落粒性降低。落粒性不仅会影响粮食产量，同时也影响其对机械化收割的适应性。因此，培育落粒性适中的水稻新品种成为解决这一问题的主要方法。在生产上，为了培育落粒性适中的水稻品种，需要对重要落粒基因进行挖掘与利用，并将其导入优良水稻品种中进行遗传改良，从而获得适应于机械化收割的水稻新品种。前人通过图位克隆等方法克隆了多个落粒基因，如SH4/SHA1、qSH1、OsSh1/ObSH3等，并对其功能机制进行了解析。同时，利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术、γ射线诱变技术和基因导入等方法，成功创制了一批落粒性适中的水稻新材料。落粒性对粮食产量和水稻的收获方式有重要影响。本文从水稻落粒性的鉴定方法、生理基础、落粒性基因的克隆，以及落粒性遗传调控网络等方面进行了综述，同时，提出通过在优异的水稻种质资源中对落粒基因进行利用，为探索水稻落粒性的遗传机制和选育适用于水稻机械化收获的水稻新品种提供参考。

关键词: 水稻, 落粒, 基因克隆, 遗传机制, 产量

Abstract:

Seed shattering is a major factor limiting rice production, and breeding new rice varieties with moderate seed shattering is a key challenge faced by rice breeders worldwide. Rice is the most important cereal crop in China, plays a vital role for national food security. Seed shattering is one of the most important traits during rice domestication, and the abscission zone is the important region to control seed shattering. Compared with wild rice, cultivar has eliminated the seed shattering with partially developed abscission layer. Seed shattering not only has a direct impact on the yield, but also affects the way of its mechanical harvest. In order to breed rice varieties with moderate seed shattering in agricultural production, it is necessary to mine and utilize important seed shattering genes and introduce them into excellent rice varieties for genetic improvement, so as to breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering. Several seed shattering genes had been identified by map-based cloning, such as SH4/SHA1, qSH1, OsSh1/ObSH3, and their functional mechanisms had been analyzed. At the same time, new rice materials with moderate seed shattering have been successfully developed through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, gamma ray mutagenesis technology and gene introduction methods. Seed shattering has an important effect on grain yield and rice harvesting methods, in this paper, we reviewed the methods, physiologic basis, the identification of seed shattering genes and genetic mechanism of seed shattering in rice. At the same time, it is proposed that by using the important genes in excellent rice germplasm resources, could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of rice seed shattering, and breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering.

Key words: rice, seed shattering, gene cloning, genetic mechanism, yield

吕树伟, 唐璇, 李晨. 水稻落粒性研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(1): 1-9.

LÜ ShuWei, TANG Xuan, LI Chen. Research Progress on Seed Shattering of Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(1): 1-9.

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基因 Gene	基因号 Genomic Locus	编码蛋白 Functional protein	染色体 Chr.	参考文献 References
SHA1/SH4/GL4	LOC_Os04g57530	Myb3转录因子Myb3 transcription factor	4	[9,18,35]
qSH1	LOC_Os01g62920	BEL1型同源异型蛋白BEL1-type homeobox	1	[19]
CPL1/sh-h	LOC_Os07g10690	CTD磷酸化酶CTD phosphatase	7	[30,36]
SHAT1	LOC_Os04g55560	AP2转录因子AP2 transcription factor	4	[37]
OsSh1/ObSH3	LOC_Os03g44710	YABBY转录因子YABBY transcription factor	3	[23,38]
SH5	LOC_Os05g38120	BEL1型同源异型蛋白BEL1-type homeobox	5	[39]
OSH15	LOC_Os07g03770	KNOX家族Ⅰ类同源异型蛋白KNOX family class 1 homeobox	7	[40]
SNB/SSH1	LOC_Os07g13170	AP2转录因子AP2 transcription factor	7	[41]
OgSH11	XM_052280091	Myb转录因子Myb transcription factor	11	[42]
NPC1	LOC_Os03g61130	磷脂酶C1 Phospholipase C1	3	[43]
GRF4/PT2	LOC_Os02g47280	生长调控因子Growth-regulating factor	2	[44]
LG1	LOC_Os04g56170	SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein	4	[45]