我国直播稻栽培技术应用现状与发展建议

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着水稻栽培技术的持续优化，近十年我国稻谷产量均保持在2.1亿t左右的高位。直播稻作为一种高效、轻简的栽培技术，受到了广大种植户的青睐。但实际生产中，直播稻较移栽稻在我国的应用仍存在一些争议。为此，本文采用荟萃分析（meta-analysis）方法量化了直播稻和移栽稻对产量、经济效益、稻米品质、倒伏性状及温室气体排放的影响差异。总体来讲，与移栽稻相比，直播稻产量显著下降了6.3%，主要原因是群体总颖花量（-3.8%）和结实率（-1.8%）显著降低。我国不同种植制度下直播稻的产量均显著下降，其中单季稻（-10.9%）和双季晚稻（-13.1%）产量下降的幅度显著高于中稻（-4.8%）和双季早稻（-4.4%）；吉林、辽宁、新疆、宁夏、山东、江苏和浙江直播稻产量的降幅达10%—20%，黑龙江和江西直播稻产量的降幅为5%—10%，其他省份直播稻产量较移栽稻差异不显著。从经济效应来看，种植直播稻能获得与移栽稻相当的净收益（P>0.05）。直播稻显著降低了精米率（-3.1%）和胶稠度（-3.5%），改善了外观品质（垩白粒率和垩白度分别下降了25.3%和22.5%），对营养品质和食味值的影响均不显著。直播稻显著提高了茎秆基部第1节间（+12.4%）和第3节间（+10.3%）的倒伏指数，对第2节间倒伏指数的影响不显著，这表明种植直播稻会增加倒伏的风险。从温室气体排放来看，与移栽稻田相比，直播稻田甲烷排放（-42.8%）、全球增温潜势（-36.2%）和温室气体排放强度（-41.1%）均显著下降，但提高了氧化亚氮排放（+29.1%）。此外，笔者在氮素利用与损失、水分利用效率、能量利用效率和草害发生对直播稻和移栽稻的响应进行了简要综述和比较分析。最后，分别在品种筛选、栽培技术优化、种植区域布局和政策服务方面提出了未来直播稻发展的建议，以期为我国直播稻栽培技术创新与区域化应用提供数据支撑和科学依据。

关键词: 直播稻, 栽培技术, 应用现状, 发展建议, 粮食安全

Abstract:

With the continuous improvement in rice cultivation techniques, China has maintained a high rice production level of about 210 million tons over the past decade. Direct-seeding rice cultivation technology, recognized for its efficiency and simplicity, has been favored by Chinese farmers. However, controversies persist regarding direct-seeding rice compared to transplanted rice in national-scale production. Thus, this study employed meta-analysis techniques to quantify disparities in grain yield, economic benefit, rice quality, lodging characteristic, and greenhouse gas emissions between direct-seeding rice and transplanted rice. Our results indicated that direct-seeding rice significantly reduced grain yield by an average of 6.3% relative to transplanted rice, which was main due to the reduced total spikelet (-3.8%) and filled-grain percentage (-1.8%). In different planting systems in China, the yield of direct-seeding rice had significantly decreased compared to transplanted rice, and the direct-seeding rice-induced reductions in yield of single rice (-10.9%) and late rice (-13.1%) were higher than those of middle rice (-4.8%) and early rice (-4.4%). The grain yield reductions for direct-seeding rice were from 10% to 20% in Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, meanwhile Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces saw reductions of 5% to 10%, but it had no significant effect in other provinces. Direct-seeding rice resulted in comparable net economic return relative to transplanted rice (p> 0.05). Direct-seeding rice reduced milled rice rate (-3.1%) and gel consistency (-3.5%), improved appearance quality (chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, which decreased by 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed on nutrition quality and taste value. Direct-seeding rice increased lodging index at base of the first (+12.4%) and third (+10.3%) internodes, but not at the second internode, indicating an increase in risk of lodging relative to transplanted rice. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, direct-seeding rice fields showed reductions in methane emissions (-42.8%), global warming potential (-36.2%), and greenhouse gas intensity (-41.1%) compared to transplanted rice fields, while promoting nitrous oxide emissions (+29.1%). In addition, a review was recounted on nitrogen utilization and its loss, water and energy use efficiency, and weed incidence. Finally, the recommendations for the future advancement of direct-seeding rice were proposed, main focusing on rice variety breeding, rice cultivation technique optimization, rice planting area layout, as well as policies and services with the goal of technological innovation and regionalized application of direct-seeding rice cultivation technology in China.

Key words: direct-seeding rice, cultivation technology, application status, development suggestion, food security

廖萍, 翁文安, 高辉, 张洪程. 我国直播稻栽培技术应用现状与发展建议[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(24): 4854-4870.

LIAO Ping, WENG WenAn, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng. Application Status and Development Suggestion of Direct-Seeding Rice Cultivation in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(24): 4854-4870.

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省/直辖市/自治区 Province/City/Region	效应值 Effect size (%)	95%置信区间下限 95% CI lower	95%置信区间上限 95% CI upper	P值 P value	观测值数 Observation
安徽Anhui	4.58	-1.13	10.63	0.1182	42
福建Fujian	10.45	-2.43	25.04	0.1161	8
广东Guangdong	-0.87	-7.46	6.18	0.8036	131
广西Guangxi	4.96	-5.11	16.09	0.3464	16
贵州Guizhou	-3.70	-12.65	6.16	0.4482	13
黑龙江Heilongjiang	-7.36	-12.72	-1.68	0.0119	35
河南Henan	-13.42	-26.68	2.24	0.0894	15
湖北Hubei	-0.24	-4.62	4.33	0.9147	106
湖南Hunan	-1.27	-5.25	2.87	0.5414	113
江苏Jiangsu	-11.92	-14.61	-9.14	<0.0001	288
江西Jiangxi	-7.70	-14.62	-0.21	0.0442	44
吉林Jilin	-17.85	-27.96	-6.32	0.0033	12
辽宁Liaoning	-11.30	-17.44	-4.70	0.0011	37
宁夏Ningxia	-13.02	-22.05	-2.96	0.0125	21
山东Shandong	-17.37	-29.85	-2.66	0.0224	4
上海Shanghai	-4.30	-13.91	6.39	0.4162	13
四川Sichuan	-3.16	-8.12	2.07	0.2315	89
天津Tianjin	-11.64	-27.40	7.55	0.2174	4
新疆Xinjiang	-18.94	-31.18	-4.52	0.0119	4
浙江Zhejiang	-10.97	-14.96	-6.80	<0.0001	177