长期施肥对黑土和棕壤团聚体稳定性的影响及驱动因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (19): 3835-3847.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期施肥对黑土和棕壤团聚体稳定性的影响及驱动因素

李天娇¹^,²(), 张乃于², 申文艳², 宋天昊², 刘红芳², 刘晓燕², 张秀芝³, 彭畅³, 杨劲峰¹(), 张淑香²()

¹ 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/土壤肥料资源高效利用国家重点实验室/农业农村部东北玉米营养与施肥科学观测实验站，沈阳 110866
² 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081
³ 吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所，长春 130033

收稿日期:2024-02-27 接受日期:2024-05-09 出版日期:2024-10-01 发布日期:2024-10-09
通信作者:
杨劲峰，E-mail：yangjinfeng7672@syau.edu.cn。
张淑香，E-mail：zhangshuxiang@caas.cn
联系方式: 李天娇，E-mail：litianjiao2022@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500101)

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Aggregate Stability and Its Driving Factors in Black Soil and Brown Soil

LI TianJiao¹^,²(), ZHANG NaiYu², SHEN WenYan², SONG TianHao², LIU HongFang², LIU XiaoYan², ZHANG XiuZhi³, PENG Chang³, YANG JinFeng¹(), ZHANG ShuXiang²()

¹ College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources/Monitoring & Experimental Station of Corn Nutrition and Fertilization in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110866
² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081
³ Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033

Received:2024-02-27 Accepted:2024-05-09 Published:2024-10-01 Online:2024-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】比较长期不同施肥措施对两种典型土壤（黑土和棕壤）团聚体分布和稳定性的影响，探究影响团聚体稳定性的关键因素，为缓解土壤结构退化提供理论支撑。【方法】依托34年黑土和45年棕壤长期定位试验，选取两定位点共有的不施肥（CK）、化肥（NPK）、化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理，以及黑土特有的化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）处理、棕壤特有的有机肥——猪厩肥（M）处理，采集0—20 cm土层土壤样品，测定土壤化学性质，采用湿筛法对土壤团聚体进行筛分。【结果】相比于CK，NPK处理下黑土和棕壤大团聚体（>0.25 mm）比例显著降低8.6%和11.3%，团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）分别显著减少18.6%和10.7%，说明单施化肥导致黑土和棕壤团聚体稳定性显著降低；NPKM和M处理下棕壤的MWD分别显著增加44.2%和17.9%，而NPKM处理下黑土MWD未发生显著变化，但NPKS处理下黑土MWD显著提高11.8%，说明在棕壤中施用猪厩肥，黑土中秸秆还田是提高团聚体稳定性的重要措施。土壤团聚体的稳定性主要受土壤化学性质的影响。长期施用化肥（NPK）导致黑土和棕壤的pH和交换性钙、镁离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺）降低，阻碍了大团聚体的形成和稳定。施用有机物料（M、NPKM、NPKS）抑制了土壤pH的降低，提高土壤颗粒态有机碳（POC）和矿物结合态有机碳（MAOC）的含量，促进有机碳与铁铝氧化物、钙镁离子的结合，推动了黑土和棕壤颗粒的团聚过程，进而维持和提高了团聚体的稳定性。综合分析表明，影响黑土团聚体稳定的因素从大到小依次为络合态氧化铝（Al_p）、Ca²⁺、POC、pH、MAOC，其中黑土团聚体稳定性与Al_p显著负相关，与其余因素显著正相关。影响棕壤团聚体稳定性的关键因素从大到小依次为POC、络合态氧化铁（Fe_p）、pH、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、无定形态氧化铝（Al_o）、Al_p、无定形态氧化铁（Fe_o），其中棕壤团聚体稳定性与Al_o和Fe_o显著负相关，与其他因素显著正相关。【结论】化肥配施有机物料（猪厩肥、秸秆）可以抑制土壤酸化，通过增加土壤POC和Ca²⁺含量，提高黑土和棕壤团聚体的稳定性，是延缓土壤结构退化的重要施肥措施。

关键词: 长期施肥, 黑土, 棕壤, 团聚体稳定性, 有机碳组分, 铁铝氧化物

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of long-term different fertilization practices on aggregate distribution and stability of two typical soils (black soil and brown soil) in the black soil area were compared, and the key factors affecting aggregate stability were explored to provide the theoretical support for alleviating soil structural degradation. 【Method】 Based on a 34-year long-term positioning experiment in black soil and a 45-year long-term positioning experiment in brown soil, soil samples of 0-20 cm were collected by selecting the common fertilization treatments: no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM), as well as the special treatments of chemical fertilizer plus straw (NPKS) in black soil and manure (M) in brown soil. Soil chemical properties were determined and soil aggregates were sieved by wet-sieving procedure. 【Result】 Compared with CK, the proportion of microaggregates (>0.25 mm) under the NPK treatment in black soil and brown soil was significantly reduced by 8.6% and 11.3%, respectively, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was significantly reduced by 18.6% and 10.7%, respectively, indicating that the stability of aggregates in black soil and brown soil was significantly reduced by chemical fertilizer alone. The MWD under the NPKM and M treatments in brown soil increased significantly by 44.2% and 17.9%, respectively, whereas that had not noticeably changed under the NPKM treatment and significantly increased by 11.8% under the NPKS treatment in black soil, indicating that the application of pig manure in brown soil and straw return in black soil were important measures to improve aggregate stability. The stability of soil aggregates was mainly affected by soil chemical properties. NPK resulted in the decrease of pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg ions in black soil and brown soil, which hindered the formation and stability of microaggregates. The application of organic fertilizers (M, NPKM, NPKS) inhibited the decrease of soil pH, increased the content of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), and promoted the association of organic carbon with Fe/Al oxides and Ca/Mg ions, which accelerated the aggregation process of soil particles, maintaining and improving the stability of aggregates. The comprehensive analysis showed that the factors affecting the stability of black soil aggregates were chelated Al (Al_p), Ca²⁺, POC, pH and MAOC in order from the largest to the smallest, among which the stability of black soil aggregates was significantly negatively correlated with Al_pand positively correlated with other factors. The key factors affecting the stability of brown soil aggregates were POC, chelated Fe (Fe_p), pH, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, amorphous Al (Al_o), Al_p and amorphous Fe (Fe_o) in order from the largest to the smallest, among which the stability of brown soil aggregates was significantly negatively correlated with Al_o and Fe_o and positively correlated with other factors. 【Conclusion】 The application of organic fertilizers (pig manure, straw return) could mainly increase the contents of soil POC and Ca²⁺, inhibit soil acidification, and improve the stability of aggregates in black soil and brown soil, which were important fertilization practices to delay the degradation of soil structure in black soil areas.

Key words: long-term fertilization, black soil, brown soil, aggregate stability, organic carbon fractions, Fe/Al oxides

李天娇, 张乃于, 申文艳, 宋天昊, 刘红芳, 刘晓燕, 张秀芝, 彭畅, 杨劲峰, 张淑香. 长期施肥对黑土和棕壤团聚体稳定性的影响及驱动因素[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(19): 3835-3847.

LI TianJiao, ZHANG NaiYu, SHEN WenYan, SONG TianHao, LIU HongFang, LIU XiaoYan, ZHANG XiuZhi, PENG Chang, YANG JinFeng, ZHANG ShuXiang. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Aggregate Stability and Its Driving Factors in Black Soil and Brown Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(19): 3835-3847.

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土壤类型 Soil type	施肥处理 Fertilization treatments	指标Indicator
土壤类型 Soil type	施肥处理 Fertilization treatments	pH	POC (g·kg^-1)	MAOC (g·kg^-1)	Ca²⁺ (g·kg^-1)	Mg²⁺ (mg·kg^-1)	Al_o (g·kg^-1)	Fe_o (g·kg^-1)	Al_p (mg·kg^-1)	Fe_p (mg·kg^-1)
黑土 Black soil	CK	7.76Aa	3.68Ac	8.26Ac	3.75Ab	177.27Bd	2.01Aa	2.08Ba	419.82Bb	93.32Bc
	NPK	6.44Ac	2.75Ad	9.64Abc	2.90Ab	338.19Ab	1.84Aa	2.02Ba	466.93Ba	160.15Bb
	NPKM	7.30Ab	6.26Ba	10.92Ab	6.00Aa	579.35Ba	1.78Aa	2.08Aa	406.65Bbc	235.91Ba
	NPKS	7.92a	5.21b	12.91a	5.75a	220.74c	1.73a	1.62a	380.70c	95.72c
棕壤 Brown soil	CK	5.70Bb	1.98Bc	8.52Abc	1.35Bcd	273.49Ac	1.42Bb	2.60Ab	466.73Ac	185.21Ad
	NPK	5.30Bc	2.32Bc	9.29Ab	1.80Bbc	218.18Bd	1.71Aa	3.26Aa	568.00Ab	239.96Ac
	NPKM	6.30Ba	11.67Aa	9.41Ab	4.58Aa	645.99Ab	1.01Bc	1.98Ac	690.52Aa	608.13Aa
	M	6.54a	6.67b	11.32a	2.02b	800.27a	1.51b	3.37a	567.98b	443.52b
土壤类型Soil type（S）		**	**		**		**	*	**	**
施肥处理 Fertilization treatments（F）		**	**	*	**	**	*		**	**
土壤类型×施肥处理S×F		**	**			**		*	**	**

	R（>0.25 mm）	MWD	GMD	D
R（>0.25 mm）	1	0.962**	0.947**	-0.965**
MWD		1	0.988**	-0.966**
GMD			1	-0.984**
D				1

长期施肥对黑土和棕壤团聚体稳定性的影响及驱动因素

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Aggregate Stability and Its Driving Factors in Black Soil and Brown Soil

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