秸秆还田与花后灌溉提高春玉米产量及水氮利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (18): 3599-3614.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

秸秆还田与花后灌溉提高春玉米产量及水氮利用效率

王永亮(), 胥子航, 李申, 梁哲铭, 薛晓蓉, 白炬(), 杨治平()

山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院/农业农村部盐碱土改良与利用重点实验室（学科群）/土壤环境与养分资源山西省重点实验室，太原 030031

收稿日期:2023-02-20 接受日期:2023-07-20 出版日期:2023-09-16 发布日期:2023-09-21
通信作者:
白炬，E-mail：baiju@sxau.edu.cn。
杨治平，E-mail：yzpsx0208@163.com
联系方式: 王永亮，E-mail：wangyongliang@sxau.edu.cn。
基金资助:
山西省科技重大专项计划(202201140601028); 山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(2023CYJSTX01-14); 山西省科技成果转化引导专项(202104021301047); 山西农业大学博士科研启动项目(2021BQ123)

Straw Returning and Post-Silking Irrigating Improve the Grain Yield and Utilization of Water and Nitrogen of Spring Maize

WANG YongLiang(), XU ZiHang, LI Shen, LIANG ZheMing, XUE XiaoRong, BAI Ju(), YANG ZhiPing()

Institute of Eco-environment and Industrial Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory for Reclamation and Utilization of Saline-alkaline Soils (Discipline Cluster), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan 030031

Received:2023-02-20 Accepted:2023-07-20 Published:2023-09-16 Online:2023-09-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究秸秆还田与花后灌溉量对春玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响，探究实现黄土高原东部河谷平原区春玉米水氮可持续高效利用的有效管理措施。【方法】基于连续7年长期定位试验（2014—2020年），在2021—2022年开展田间试验，采用裂区设计，主区为秸秆还田（R）和无秸秆还田（U），副区为5个花后灌溉量0（I0）、50（I50）、100（I100）、150（I150）、200（I200） mm，分析春玉米花后干物质累积量与耗水量的关系，并研究不同处理对春玉米产量、经济效益以及水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】秸秆还田与花后灌溉量及二因素互作显著提高春玉米产量、经济效益及水氮利用效率。与无秸秆还田相比，秸秆还田后玉米增产15.1%—43.5%，经济效益提高15.9%—49.1%，水分利用效率提高16.8%—36.9%，氮素回收利用效率、农学效率与偏生产力分别显著提高15.8%—62.0%、26.5%—126.0%和15.1%—43.6%。花后干物质累积量与耗水量之间呈现二次函数关系，与无秸秆还田相比，秸秆还田处理表现出较强的花后水分生产力，同时，产量响应系数显示秸秆还田处理在受到干旱胁迫时具有更强的水分缓冲能力。秸秆还田条件下各花后灌溉量处理玉米籽粒产量、干物质累积量、氮素吸收量及水氮利用效率均以I150处理最高。此外，秸秆还田与花后灌溉均显著促进了春玉米花后根系生长，但过量灌溉（I200处理）则抑制根系生长。【结论】黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米生产系统中，秸秆还田配合花后灌溉150 mm可实现春玉米最佳籽粒产量与水氮利用效率，因此可作为该地区春玉米水氮高效可持续利用的管理措施。

关键词: 春玉米, 秸秆还田, 花后灌溉, 水氮利用效率, 产量响应系数

Abstract:

【Objective】The irrigation system for spring maize production in the eastern Loess Plateau is unclear. In view of this, the effects of straw return and post-silking irrigation on grain yield and use efficiency of water and nitrogen of spring maize were studied in order to explore effective management measures to achieve sustainable and efficient utilization of water and nitrogen in spring maize in the region, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the high yield, high resource efficiency, and environmentally friendly agricultural sustainable development of spring maize in the region.【Method】Based on a 7-year long-term positioning experiment (2014-2020), a field experiment was carried out from 2021 to 2022. A split design was applied for the treatments, the main factors included straw returning (R) and no straw returning (U), and sub-factors included five post-silking irrigation gradients (I0, I50, I100, I150, and I200 mm). The correlation between dry matter accumulation at post-silking and evapotranspiration of spring maize was analyzed, and the effects of different treatments on grain yield, economic benefits and use efficiency of water and nitrogen were studied.【Result】The grain yield, economic benefit and use efficiency of water and nitrogen of spring maize were significantly improved by straw returning and irrigating at post-silking. Compared with conventional tillage, the grain yield, the economic benefit and the water use efficiency of straw returning treatment increased by 15.1%-43.5%, 15.9%-49.1%, and 16.8%-36.9%, respectively. The N recovery use efficiency, N agricultural efficiency, and N partial productivity of spring maize were significantly improved by 15.8%-62.0%, 26.5%-126.0%, and 15.1%-43.6%, respectively. The relationship between dry matter accumulation and evapotranspiration at post-silking was a quadratic function. Compared with conventional tillage, the straw returning treatment showed a stronger water productivity at post-silking. Though the yield response factor, the straw returning treatment had stronger water buffering capacity under water stress. Under the condition of straw returning, the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of the treatment with irrigation rate at post-silking were the highest under I150 treatment. In addition, the straw returning and irrigating at post-silking significantly promoted root growth of spring maize, but excessive irrigating (I200 treatment) inhibited root growth.【Conclusion】To sum up, in the spring maize production system in the eastern valley plain of the Loess Plateau, straw returning with the irrigating rate of 150 mm at post-silking could be used as a management measure for the efficient and sustainable use of water and nitrogen of spring maize.

Key words: spring maize, straw returning, post-silking irrigating, water and nitrogen use efficiency, yield response factor

王永亮, 胥子航, 李申, 梁哲铭, 薛晓蓉, 白炬, 杨治平. 秸秆还田与花后灌溉提高春玉米产量及水氮利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(18): 3599-3614.

WANG YongLiang, XU ZiHang, LI Shen, LIANG ZheMing, XUE XiaoRong, BAI Ju, YANG ZhiPing. Straw Returning and Post-Silking Irrigating Improve the Grain Yield and Utilization of Water and Nitrogen of Spring Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(18): 3599-3614.

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年份 Year	灌溉量 Irrigation rate	产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)			穗粒数 Kernels per ear		百粒重 100-grain weight (g,DW)		经济效益 Economic income (×10³ yuan/hm²)
年份 Year	灌溉量 Irrigation rate	R		U	R	U	R	U	R	U
2021	I0	10.46±0.32c		8.19±0.20d	527.33±15.33b	456.00±43.27b	27.56±0.21d	25.31±0.42c	20.66±0.54c	15.82±0.45d
	I50	13.23±0.36b		9.75±0.29c	621.33±9.62a	616.00±11.14a	30.89±0.23c	26.11±0.22c	27.83±0.83b	19.11±0.67c
	I100	15.12±0.42a		12.98±0.11a	630.00±13.33a	638.60±30.70a	31.86±0.21ab	29.33±0.47a	30.69±0.97ab	26.18±0.24a
	I150	16.08±0.58a		13.24±0.43a	634.60±31.18a	664.00±32.33a	32.99±0.08a	29.43±0.68a	32.05±0.84a	26.44±0.98a
	I200	13.96±0.33b		11.61±0.07b	629.00±10.07a	618.00±21.36a	31.32±0.50b	27.38±0.15b	26.39±0.77b	22.34±0.17b
2022	I0	11.77±0.22c		8.20±0.07c	492.78±20.68b	492.22±27.73b	30.56±0.77b	25.13±0.52c	23.69±0.51d	15.89±0.02d
	I50	13.47±0.32b		9.92±0.11b	621.44±25.92a	620.22±20.24a	31.78±0.47b	27.77±0.17b	27.25±0.74c	19.51±0.26c
	I100	14.42±0.06a		11.63±0.17a	638.57±12.48a	629.33±16.43a	32.56±0.25a	29.06±0.32a	29.08±0.14a	22.71±0.39b
	I150	14.45±0.08a		12.55±0.28a	669.00±24.61a	653.14±20.91a	32.64±0.55a	29.17±0.28a	28.80±0.17ab	24.85±0.64a
	I200	14.04±0.20ab		11.99±0.31a	632.14±39.90a	624.75±11.40a	32.27±0.62a	29.07±0.29a	27.49±0.46bc	23.20±0.71b
变异来源 Source of variation
秸秆还田 Straw returning (R)			***		ns		***		***
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (I)		***			***		***		***
年份 Year (Y)		ns			***		ns		ns
R×I		**			ns		**		**
R×Y		ns			ns		**		ns
I×Y		**			*		**		***
R×I×Y		ns			ns		*		ns

年份 Year	灌溉量 Irrigation rate	收获期土壤贮水量 Soil water storage of R6 (mm)		耗水量 Evapotranspiration (mm)		水分利用效率 water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
年份 Year	灌溉量 Irrigation rate	R	U	R	U	R	U
2021	I0	210.15±9.10b	197.31±6.54bc	513.72±5.41d	508.89±18.03c	20.37±0.65b	16.15±0.91b
	I50	226.79±7.89ab	215.80±5.04a	546.04±4.81c	540.29±17.47c	24.74±0.51a	18.07±0.57ab
	I100	222.76±12.78ab	195.40±4.74c	604.31±7.25b	610.80±16.67b	25.02±0.40a	20.76±0.49a
	I150	242.05±4.91a	214.14±3.01ab	628.21±3.19b	642.06±12.51ab	25.60±0.45a	20.98±0.22a
	I200	233.41±11.00ab	222.44±6.61a	673.21±19.96a	686.88±19.44a	20.15±0.36b	16.94±0.56b
2022	I0	157.79±4.06d	184.43±5.99b	429.61±4.49c	394.34±2.60d	27.40±0.42b	20.79±0.15b
	I50	187.43±1.06c	215.93±9.60a	464.86±1.33bc	412.84±5.44d	28.99±0.68ab	24.04±0.05a
	I100	213.13±3.32b	222.59±7.97a	488.36±3.32b	456.18±3.37c	29.38±0.25ab	25.15±0.45a
	I150	261.45±0.68a	240.49±2.43a	479.32±5.11ab	488.29±2.46b	30.16±0.28a	25.71±0.61a
	I200	279.79±17.34a	232.30±10.89a	527.27±27.78a	546.47±15.58a	26.82±1.84ab	21.97±0.78b
变异来源 Source of variation
秸秆还田Straw returning (R)		***		*		***
灌溉量Irrigation rate (I)		**		**		***
年份 Year (Y)		**		***		***
R×I		ns		ns		*
R×Y		*		**		**
I×Y		*		**		**
R×I×Y		ns		**		*

年份 Year	灌水量 Irrigation rate	氮素回收利用率 N recycling use efficiency (%)		氮素农学效率 N agronomic efficiency (kg·kg^-1)		氮素偏生产力 N partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)
年份 Year	灌水量 Irrigation rate	R	U	R	U	R	U
2021	I0	45.33±1.60d	36.10±0.34d	22.57±1.03c	12.49±0.87d	46.47±1.03c	36.39±0.87d
	I50	64.49±0.15c	47.13±2.42c	37.10±1.61b	19.44±1.30c	61.00±1.61b	43.34±1.30c
	I100	76.80±0.92b	61.80±1.37ab	43.31±1.87a	33.78±0.47a	67.21±1.87a	57.68±0.47a
	I150	82.65±1.48a	64.74±1.96a	46.61±2.56a	34.95±1.90a	70.52±2.56a	58.85±1.90a
	I200	66.70±1.29c	57.59±1.62b	36.36±1.49b	27.70±0.32b	60.26±1.49b	51.61±0.32b
2022	I0	50.58±2.00c	31.23±1.84c	28.48±1.10c	12.60±1.23d	52.33±0.99c	36.44±0.03d
	I50	57.46±3.06b	43.54±3.13b	36.04±1.39b	20.26±0.78c	59.89±1.42b	44.11±0.50c
	I100	66.22±0.87a	48.43±2.79ab	40.26±1.16a	27.14±1.64b	64.11±0.26a	50.98±0.75b
	I150	70.94±0.51a	53.96±2.13a	40.39±1.47a	31.94±1.55a	64.23±0.34a	55.79±1.25a
	I200	66.06±1.34a	53.62±1.45a	38.55±0.35ab	29.44±1.70ab	62.39±0.89ab	53.28±1.37ab
变异来源 Source of variation
秸秆还田Straw returning (R)		***		***		***
灌溉量Irrigation rate (I)		***		***		***
年份 Year (Y)		***		ns		ns
R×I		*		**		**
R×Y		ns		ns		ns
I×Y		***		***		***
R×I×Y		ns		ns		ns

秸秆还田与花后灌溉提高春玉米产量及水氮利用效率

Straw Returning and Post-Silking Irrigating Improve the Grain Yield and Utilization of Water and Nitrogen of Spring Maize

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