最新录用：不同降雨年型施氮量对延迟收获夏玉米产量、强弱势粒形态与粒重的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】华北平原热量资源有限，夏播玉米收获期籽粒含水率高，影响机械粒收质量，限制了该项技术在该区域的应用。延迟收获条件下，施氮量差异对夏玉米籽粒产量、强弱势粒形态、粒重等关键产量性状的影响尚不明确。通过对不同施氮水平强弱势粒形态、灌浆及脱水过程的系统观测，明确氮肥调控效应，为区域机械粒收夏玉米稳产减氮增效栽培提供支持。【方法】2020—2021年选用粒收夏玉米品种京农科728为材料，采用收获时期和施氮量二因素区组试验设计，收获时期设正常果穗收获（NH）和延迟籽粒收获（DH），6个纯氮施用水平分别为0（N₀）、120（N₁₂₀，2021）、180（N₁₈₀）、240（N₂₄₀）、300（N₃₀₀）、360（N₃₆₀）和450 kg hm^-2（N₄₅₀，2020），测定产量（GY）、籽粒鲜体积（GFV）、鲜重（GFW）、干重（GDW）、含水量（GMC）及其变化速率。【结果】与干旱年型（2020年）相比，多雨年型（2021年）弱势粒的GFV、GFW和GDW的最大变化速率（G_max）、生长量（W_max）和起始势（R₀）显著降低，到达最大变化速率时间（T_max）推迟，活跃期（P）延长，导致弱势粒的GFV、GFW和GDW显著降低15.4%—50.6%、25.4%—62.0%和31.2%—57.3%，而强势粒不显著，GY显著降低3.03×10³—5.44×10³ kg·hm^-2。多雨年型条件下，弱势粒的GDW_Gmax、GDW_Wmax和GDW_R0比强势粒显著降低55.1%—258.1%、13.4%—143.0%和12.0%—126.6%，GDW_Tmax推迟4.2—20.7 d，强势粒的GFV、GFW和GDW比弱势粒显著提高56.8%—69.6%、67.0%—80.4%和54.1%—92.1%。与NH相比，延迟收获籽粒的G_max和R₀提高，强、弱势粒的P显著延长；在干旱年型和多雨年型下，GFV、GFW显著降低2.1%—8.1%和12.2%—17.1%、4.0%—5.2%和15.7%—19.5%，GDW自25.1—28.2 g/100 grain提高到28.0—34.4 g/100 grain，GMC降至22.6%—26.0%，降幅达31.3%—40.4%，产量提高0.02×10³—1.67×10³ kg·hm^-2。干旱年型施氮水平间的GFV、GFW、GDW无显著差异；多雨年型N₂₄₀-N₃₆₀处理的GDW_Gmax、GDW_Wmax比N₁₈₀提高，GDW_Tmax推迟，GDW_P延长，差异均达显著水平，且对弱势粒影响强于强势粒。DH处理下，N₂₄₀-N₃₆₀弱势粒的GFV、GFW和GDW比N₁₈₀显著提高25.7%—85.3%、59.4%—83.6%和17.9%—43.9%。多雨年型下氮肥的增产效应（74.4%—169.5%）显著高于干旱年型（51.5%—99.1%），N₂₄₀ GY比N₁₂₀-N₁₈₀显著提高12.6%—54.5%。【结论】华北平原热量资源限制区小麦-玉米种植制度，将冬小麦变为春小麦，夏玉米延迟收获23—33 d，显著提高弱势粒库容与粒重，籽粒含水量降低至籽粒机收含水量标准，实现周年机械化粒收。优化施氮247.2—248.6 kg·hm^-2，实现不同降雨年型下产量稳定在7.0×10³—12.0×10³ kg·hm^-2的稳产减氮增效的生产目标。

关键词: 夏玉米, 降雨年型, 延迟收获, 施氮量, 强弱势粒, 籽粒灌浆

Abstract: 【Objective】The North China Plain is the thermal resource limited area, summer maize grain mechanical harvesting technology were astricted by higher grain moisture content at harvest stage, which affects the quality of mechanical grain harvest. Under delayed harvest conditions, nitrogen application rate affect summer maize grain yield, and superior and inferior grains morphology and weight are not clear. Through the systematic observation of summer maize superior and inferior grains morphology, filling and dehydration process under different nitrogen application levels, clarified the regulation effect of nitrogen, and which provided support for summer maize grain mechanical harvesting technology cultivation to obtain stabilize yield, reduce nitrogen application and improve efficiency in the of region. 【Method】Summer maize grain mechanical harvesting hybrid Jingnongke 728 was used as the research materials, the field experiment were conducted in 2020-2021 by a harvest time and nitrogen application rate two-factor randomized block design, harvest time were normal harvest time (NH) and delayed harvest (DH), and six nitrogen application rate were 0 (N₀), 120 (N₁₂₀, 2021), 180 (N₁₈₀), 240 (N₂₄₀), 300 (N₃₀₀), 360 (N₃₆₀) and 450 kg hm^-2 (N₄₅₀, 2020). Summer maize grain yield (GY), superior and inferior grains fresh volume (GFV), fresh weight (GFW), dry weight (GDW), and moisture content (GMC) and their change rates were measured. 【Result】Compared to the dry year (2020), the inferior grains maximum grain filling rate (G_max), the increment at G_max (W_max) and initial potential (R₀) of GFV, GFW and GDW were significantly reduced in the rainy year (2021), and the days reached G_max (T_max) were delayed , and the active duration (P) were prolonged, which resulted in GFV, GFW and GDW reduced significantly by 15.4%-50.6%, 25.4%-62.0% and 31.2%-57.3%, respectively, however, there were no significant change in superior grains, and so led GY declined significantly by 3.03×10³-5.44×10³ kg·hm^-2. The inferior grains GDW_Gmax, GDW_Wmax and GDW_R0 in the rainy year were significantly decreased by 55.1%-258.1%, 13.4%-143.0% and 12.0%-126.6%, respectively, and GDW_Tmax were delayed by 4.2-20.7 d compared to superior grains. The superior grains GFV, GFW and GDW were significantly increased by 56.8%-69.6%, 67.0%-80.4% and 54.1%-92.1%, respectively, than inferior grains. Compared with NH, the grains G_max and R₀ at DH treatments were increased, and the P for superior and inferior grains were significantly prolonged, which led the GFV, GFW decreased significantly by 2.1%-8.1% and 12.2%-17.1%, 4.0%-5.2% and 15.7%-19.5, respectively, under the dry year and rainy year, meanwhile GDW increased from 25.1-28.2 g/100 grain to 28.0-34.4 g/100 grain, the GMC decreased from 22.6%-26.0% to 22.6%-26.0% as well, which were declined by 31.3%-40.4% than NH. The GY for DH were increased 0.02×10³-1.67×10³ kg·hm^-2 than NH. There was no significant difference in GFV, GFW and GDW between nitrogen application levels in dry year. While in the rainy year, the GDW_Gmax and GDW_Wmax for N₂₄₀-N₃₆₀ treatment were significantly higher than N₁₈₀, GDW_Tmax were delayed, and GDW_P was prolonged (P<0.05), and the effects were more intense on inferior grains than on superior grains. Under DH treatment, the GFV, GFW and GDW of inferior grains for N₂₄₀–N₃₆₀ were significantly increased by 25.7%-85.3%, 59.4%-83.6% and 17.9%–43.9% than N₁₈₀, respectively. The nitrogen yield increasing effect in rainy year were significantly intense than dry year, as 74.4%-169.5% vs. 51.5%-99.1%. GY of N₂₄₀ was significantly rised by 12.6%-54.5% than N₁₂₀-N₁₈₀.【Conclusion】In the thermal resource limited area of the North China Plain, changed winter wheat into spring wheat in the wheat–maize cropping system, with summer maize delayed harvest for 23-33 days, the inferior grains capacity and weight were significantly increased, and so the grain moisture content were reduced to the grain mechanical harvesting technology standard to realized the annual grain mechaniical harvesting. And by optimized nitrogen application rate at 247.2-248.6 kg·hm^-2, the production strategy of stable yield at 7.0×10³-12.0×10³ kg·hm^-2, nitrogen reduction and improve efficiency under different rainfall years were achieved in the region.

Key words: summer maize, rainfall year types, delayed harvest, nitrogen application rate, superior and inferior grains, grain filling

刘梦, 张垚, 葛均筑, 杨永安, 吴锡冬, 侯海鹏. 最新录用：不同降雨年型施氮量对延迟收获夏玉米产量、强弱势粒形态与粒重的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 0, (): 1-.

LIU Meng, ZHANG Yao, GE JunZhu, YANG YongAn, WU XiDong, HOU HaiPeng. Effects of Nitrogen Application on Delayed Harvest Summer Maize Grain Yield, Superior and Inferior Grains Morphology and Weight under Different Rainfall Years[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 0, (): 1-.

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最新录用：不同降雨年型施氮量对延迟收获夏玉米产量、强弱势粒形态与粒重的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Delayed Harvest Summer Maize Grain Yield, Superior and Inferior Grains Morphology and Weight under Different Rainfall Years

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