长期施肥棕壤大豆产量的演变及土壤氮素分布特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.10.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究长期不同施肥模式下，东北棕壤大豆产量的演变、稳定性和可持续性及土壤氮素累积分布特征，为该地区制定合理的施肥措施，实现大豆的可持续绿色生产提供科学依据。【方法】基于始于1979年的棕壤肥料长期定位试验，轮作体系为玉米-玉米-大豆，选取其中的12个处理，分为化肥区：不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷肥配施（NP）、氮磷钾肥配施（NPK）；低量有机肥区：单施低量有机肥（M₁）、低量有机肥与化肥配施（M₁N、M₁NP、M₁NPK）；高量有机肥区：单施高量有机肥（M₂）、高量有机肥与化肥配施（M₂N、M₂NP、M₂NPK）。分析长期不同施肥下大豆产量的演变规律以及39年轮作施肥对大豆氮素吸收与收获期土壤氮素累积分布的影响。【结果】与不施肥处理（CK）相比，各施肥处理大豆平均产量均显著提高，且低量有机肥区和高量有机肥区大豆平均产量高于化肥处理，M₁NPK和M₂NPK处理平均产量最高，分别为3 147和3 238 kg·hm^-2，较NPK处理提高了9.5%和12.7%。灰色-线性回归模型结果表明，施用有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施处理年际可得趋势产量显著高于单施化肥处理。低量有机肥区各处理大豆产量的变异系数最低，稳定性好，产量可持续性指数（YSI）较高，介于0.41—0.51，均高于高量有机肥区各处理。配施有机肥大豆季肥料贡献率提高，但低量与高量有机肥区差异不显著。配施有机肥39年，大豆植株吸氮量较单施化肥处理增加，以低量有机肥区的M₁NPK处理最高，为314.2 kg·hm^-2。低量有机肥区，土壤矿质氮主要累积在0—60 cm土层，60—100 cm土层矿质氮累积量较低；有机肥与化肥配施各处理0—80 cm土层矿质氮累积高于M₁处理，可为作物吸收提供有效氮源，但80—100 cm土层矿质氮较上层土壤降低，减少了氮素淋失风险；其中，M₁NPK处理0—60 cm土层矿质氮累积最高，60—100 cm随土层深度增加矿质氮累积呈持续降低趋势，而高量有机肥区M₂NPK处理则呈现先降低后增加的趋势。有机无机肥配施39年增加了0—20 cm土层全氮及微生物量氮含量，且高于20—40 cm土层。M₁NPK和M₂NPK处理0—20 cm土层全氮含量较NPK处理分别增加了13.9%和5.5%，微生物量氮含量分别增加了32.6%和92.1%。【结论】长期不同施肥影响作物产量、氮素吸收与土壤氮素分布。在东北棕壤地区玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系中，玉米季氮磷钾化肥配施低量有机肥（13.5 t·hm^-2），大豆季仅施用氮磷钾化肥改变土壤氮素分布与累积，进而影响大豆地上部氮素吸收，可增加大豆产量，提高产量的稳定性与可持续性。长期配施低量有机肥大豆收获期土壤全氮及微生物量氮含量增加，增加了土壤供氮量；同时深层土壤矿质氮累积降低，减少了氮素淋溶风险，有利于大豆的可持续绿色生产，是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。

关键词: 棕壤, 大豆, 产量稳定性与可持续性, 灰色-线性回归模型, 矿质氮, 微生物量氮

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the evolution, stability and sustainability of soybean yield and characteristics of soil nitrogen (N) distribution in brown soil under different fertilization in a long-term experiment, so as to provide a scientific basis for making reasonable fertilization managements and realizing sustainable and green production of soybean in northeast region with brown soil.【Method】This study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment with brown soil, which began in 1979 with the crop rotation system of maize-maize-soybean, and 12 of the treatments were selected, including 4 chemical fertilization treatments (no fertilization (CK), single N fertilizer (N), N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer mixed application (NP), and N, P, and potassium (K) fertilizer compound application (NPK) ), single application of manure at a low rate (M₁), manure at a low rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M₁N, M₁NP, M₁NPK), single application of manure at a high rate (M₂), and manure at a high rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M₂N, M₂NP, M₂NPK). The evolution of soybean yield under long-term different fertilization and the effects of 39-year crop rotation fertilization on nitrogen uptake of soybeans and soil nitrogen accumulation distribution at harvest stage were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the CK treatment, the average yield of soybean under each fertilization treatment was significantly improved, and those under the treatments with manure at low and high rate were higher than those at treatments with chemical fertilizer alone, and the average yield under M₁NPK and M₂NPK treatments were the highest with 3 147 and 3 238 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which were 9.5% and 12.7% higher than that at NPK treatment. The results of the grey-linear regression showed that application with manure simply or combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the interannual yield compared with that with chemical fertilizer alone. The variation coefficient of soybean yield at treatments with manure at the low rate was the lowest with a high yield stability. The yield sustainability index (YSI) was higher ranging from 0.41 to 0.51, which was higher than that under treatments with manure at the high rate. Combined application of manure increased the contribution of fertilization to soybean yield, but without significant difference between treatments with manure at the low and high rate. After application of manure for 39 years, the soybean N uptake increased compared with the treatments with single chemical fertilizer, which was the highest at M₁NPK treatment being 314.2 kg·hm^-2. With application of manure at the low rate, soil mineral N mainly accumulated in 0-60 cm soil layers, and its accumulation at 60-100 cm soil depths was low. The mineral N accumulation in the 0-80 cm soil layers with application of manure and chemical fertilizer were higher than those under M₁ treatment, which would provide available N for crop, but the mineral N in the 80-100 cm soil layer was lower than that in the upper soil, which reduced the risk of N leaching. Among them, the mineral N accumulation in the 0-60 cm soil layers was the highest at M₁NPK treatment, and the 60-100 cm soil layer showed a continuous decrease trend with the increase of soil depth, while the M₂NPK treatment of the block with manure at the high rate showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The soil total N and microbial biomass N were increased in the top 20 cm soil layer after fertilization with manure and chemical fertilizer for 39 years, which were higher than that in the 20-40 cm soil depth. Compared with NPK treatment, the total N concentration in the 0-20 cm soil layer under M₁NPK and M₂NPK treatments increased by 13.9% and 5.5%, respectively, where the microbial biomass N concentration increased by 32.6% and 92.1%, respectively.【Conclusion】Long-term fertilization affected crop yield, N uptake, and soil N distribution. In the maize-maize-soybean rotation system in the brown soil area of Northeast China, the application of N, P, and K fertilizer combined with manure at a low rate (13.5 t·hm^-2) in the maize season, and the lonely application of N, P, and K fertilizer in the soybean season changed the soil N distribution and accumulation, and thus influenced the soybean N uptake, increased the soybean yield, improved the yield stability and sustainability. The increase of soil total N and microbial biomass N concentration at soybean harvest under long-term application of manure at a low rate increased the soil N supply, meanwhile the reduction of mineral N accumulation in deep soil reduced the risk of N loss by leaching, which was conducive to the sustainable and green production of soybean and was a reasonable fertilization method for this rotation system.

Key words: brown soil, soybean, yield stability and sustainability, grey-linear regression model, mineral N, microbial biomass N

刘玉颖, 沈丰, 杨劲峰, 蔡芳芳, 付时丰, 罗培宇, 李娜, 戴健, 韩晓日. 长期施肥棕壤大豆产量的演变及土壤氮素分布特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(10): 1920-1934.

LIU YuYing, SHEN Feng, YANG JinFeng, CAI FangFang, FU ShiFeng, LUO PeiYu, LI Na, DAI Jian, HAN XiaoRi. Variation Characteristics of Soybean Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Brown Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(10): 1920-1934.

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处理 Treatment	Y = y₀+ ak	F值 F value	R²	a的95%置信区间 95% confidence interval of a
化肥区 Chemical fertilizer
NP	Y=1729+603k	268.4^***	0.967	518-688
NPK	Y=1426+667k	225.4^***	0.961	565-769
N	Y=1138+554k	223.4^***	0.961	468-639
CK	Y=2133+391k	205.1^***	0.958	328-454
低量有机肥区Low organic input
M₁NP	Y=476+755k	260.8^***	0.967	647-862
M₁NPK	Y=486+742k	184.1^***	0.953	616-868
M₁N	Y=1240+733k	254.9^***	0.966	627-839
M₁	Y=1233+694k	219.1^***	0.960	586-802
高量有机肥区 High organic input
M₂NP	Y=907+769k	337.4^***	0.974	672-865
M₂NPK	Y=502+806k	374.5^***	0.976	710-901
M₂N	Y=483+789k	374.7^***	0.976	695-883
M₂	Y=674+788k	297.1^***	0.971	683-894

处理 Treatment		产量平均值 Average yield (kg·hm^-2)	变异系数 CV (%)	产量可持续指数 YSI	肥料贡献率 COF (%)
化肥区 Chemical fertilizer	NP	2584ab	30.8	0.41	28.6a
	NPK	2873bc	37.7	0.41	31.1a
	N	2346c	44.6	0.33	16.9b
	CK	1785d	28.3	0.50	—
	平均Average	2397B	35.4	0.41	25.5B
低量有机肥区 Low organic input	M₁NP	3121a	35.3	0.43	35.3a
	M₁NPK	3147a	36.3	0.41	36.3a
	M₁N	3105a	27.3	0.51	40.2a
	M₁	2957ab	29.7	0.47	35.9a
	平均Average	3082A	32.1	0.46	37.5A
高量有机肥区 High organic input	M₂NP	3170a	39.4	0.34	38.3a
	M₂NPK	3238a	44.8	0.31	36.6a
	M₂N	3153a	46.5	0.28	36.5a
	M₂	3195a	41.3	0.36	37.4a
	平均Average	3189A	43.0	0.32	36.8A