施钾水平对纽荷尔脐橙养分、产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.20.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过不同施钾水平对纽荷尔脐橙树体养分吸收、产量和品质的影响研究,提出纽荷尔脐橙适宜施钾量,为纽荷尔脐橙钾肥的科学合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】以7年生枳（壳）砧纽荷尔脐橙为试材,设置0（K0）、0.38（K1）、0.64（K2）、0.89（K3）、1.28（K4）和1.40 kg/株K₂O（K5）6个施钾水平,研究施钾水平对树体枝梢干物质积累量、枝叶和果实养分吸收、果实产量和品质、土壤理化性质与环境的影响。【结果】不同施钾水平处理后,各时期叶片和枝条干物质量变化趋势相似,均表现为随着施钾量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同时期的枝叶干物质量均表现为春梢大于秋梢,叶片干物质量大于枝条。春梢的氮、磷、钾吸收量均随施钾量的增加呈显著增加趋势,其中以K2处理的吸收量最大。秋梢的氮、磷、钾吸收量变化趋势与春梢相似,但K5处理的氮、磷、钾吸收量低于K0。各处理间的果实氮、磷、钾含量差异均不显著;果实氮带走量以K3处理为最高,磷、钾养分带走量以K2处理为最高,果实带走的养分量大小顺序为氮≈钾>磷。果实产量和单果重均随着施钾量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,但差异不显著,K2处理产量最高,且较K0产量提高了约81%。果实果面着色以K3处理的最好,呈橙红色;随施钾量的增加,果皮厚度呈先变薄后增厚的趋势,以K2处理为最薄;维生素C含量呈先增后降的趋势,以K3处理为最高;可溶性糖含量以K3处理最高,可滴定酸含量以K1处理最低。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量随施钾量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,分别以K1和K3处理最高;土壤有效磷含量基本呈先降后增再降的趋势,以K4处理最高;土壤速效钾含量随施钾量的增加整体呈增加趋势,以K4处理最高,且速效钾大部分分布于表层土（0—20 cm）,但有向深层土（60—80 cm）积累的趋势。相关性分析表明,春梢叶片钾含量与果实带走氮、钾含量以及果实硬度呈极显著正相关关系,秋梢（枝、叶）钾含量均与产量、可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关关系,秋梢枝条钾含量与果皮厚度呈显著负相关关系,土壤速效钾含量与果实带走氮、钾含量以及果实硬度呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】纽荷尔脐橙钾肥（以K₂O计）推荐用量为每年0.64—0.89 kg/株,既可保证树体较高的产量和优良的品质,又有利于树体对养分的吸收利用,并且能维持土壤肥力在中上水平,同时降低土壤钾素积累和污染风险。

关键词: 纽荷尔脐橙, 施钾水平, 养分, 果实产量, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of different potassium application levels on nutrient absorption, fruit yield and quality and determined the appropriate amount of potassium application, which provided a theoretical basis for the scientific application of potassium fertilizer for Newhall navel orange.【Method】Six different potassium application levels, including K0 (0 K₂O), K1 (0.38 kg/plant), K2 (0.64 kg/plant), K3 (0.89 kg/plant), K4 (1.28 kg/plant) and K5 (1.40 kg/plant), were performed to study its effects on nutrient absorption of branches, leaves and fruit, fruit quality and yield by using 7-year-old Newhall navel orange grafted on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) .【Result】The dry matter accumulation of leaves and branches of Newhall navel orange in different periods were similar among different groups, while spring shoots were higher than autumn shoots as well as leaves higher than branches. Dry matter quality of leaves and branches were increased first and then decreased with the increased potassium level. The nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spring shoots with a peak level under K2 treatment, and it also similarly increased the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in autumn shoot with lower level in K5 group than that in K0 group. Potassium had no significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of fruit. Maximum nitrogen removal was found under K3 treatment, and then phosphorus and potassium were found under K2 treatment. The amount of fruit nutrient removal was nitrogen ≈ potassium > phosphorus. Potassium application first enhanced the yield and single fruit weight, and then decreased, and the highest level of yield under K2 treatment was higher than that under K0 treatment. Potassium application made the fruit redder with the best effect under K3 treatment. Potassium application first thinned the pericarp and then thickened with the thinnest level under K2 treatment. Potassium application first enhanced the vitamin C content, and then decreased with the highest level under K3 treatment. The maximum soluble sugar content was found under K3 treatment, and the minimum titratable acid content was found under K2 treatment. Potassium application first enhanced the soil organic matter and available N, and then decreased at the highest level under K1 and K3 treatment, respectively. Potassium application first decreased the soil available P, and then enhanced at the highest level under K4 treatment, and then decreased. Potassium application under K4 treatment could maximize the content of available potassium in the soil, and the most of the available potassium was distributed in the surface soil (0-20 cm) and tended to accumulate in the deep soil (60—80 cm). Correlation analysis showed that the potassium content in spring leaves was significantly positively corrected with the total nitrogen and potassium content of fruit and was significantly negatively correlated with fruit firmness. The potassium content in autumn shoots was significantly positively correlated with yield and TSS content, and the potassium content in autumn twigs was significantly negatively correlated with the thickness of peel. The soil available K content was significantly negatively correlated with the total nitrogen and potassium content of fruit, and was significantly negatively correlated with fruit hardness.【Conclusion】These results indicated that the pure potassium oxide application rate was 0.64 to 0.89 kg/plant to ensure high level of yield and fruit quality, and to facilitate nutrient absorption and utilization of Newhall navel orange tree while maintaining high soil fertility. At the same time, the risk of soil potassium accumulation and pollution was reduced.

Key words: Newhall navel orange, potassium application level, nutrition, fruit yield, fruit quality

张绩,李俊杰,万连杰,杨江波,郑永强,吕强,谢让金,马岩岩,邓烈,易时来. 施钾水平对纽荷尔脐橙养分、产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(20): 4271-4286.

ZHANG Ji,LI JunJie,WAN LianJie,YANG JiangBo,ZHENG YongQiang,LÜ Qiang,XIE RangJin,MA YanYan,DENG Lie,YI ShiLai. Effects of Potassium Application Levels on Nutrient, Yield and Quality of Newhall Navel Orange[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(20): 4271-4286.

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枝梢类型 Shoot type	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leave (g_/plant)			枝条 Twig (g_/plant)
枝梢类型 Shoot type	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
春梢 Spring shoot	K0	12.69±2.43e	1.41±0.28d	8.19±1.50d	1.70±0.34c	0.40±0.08d	0.75±0.14c
	K1	16.47±1.68d	1.74±0.17c	12.75±1.07c	2.44±0.29b	0.68±0.05c	1.08±0.08b
	K2	26.32±1.30a	2.76±0.12a	18.18±0.66a	3.75±0.15a	1.00±0.02a	1.68±0.03a
	K3	24.32±1.40ab	2.29±0.13b	15.99±0.77b	3.82±0.10a	0.95±0.05a	1.62±0.23a
	K4	19.69±0.60c	2.02±0.05bc	15.06±0.12b	2.82±0.22b	0.79±0.09b	1.30±0.24b
	K5	22.50±0.23b	2.09±0.17b	15.81±1.60b	2.55±0.16b	0.68±0.04c	1.10±0.08b
秋梢 Autumn shoot	K0	12.48±0.23c	2.33±0.04c	5.35±0.16c	1.33±0.04c	0.31±0.00d	0.57±0.01d
	K1	14.36±1.47bc	2.58±0.14bc	6.91±0.09b	1.87±0.06b	0.41±0.01c	0.76±0.02c
	K2	20.31±1.46a	3.86±0.23a	10.43±0.81a	2.37±0.12a	0.56±0.03a	1.14±0.06a
	K3	16.34±1.85b	2.86±0.28b	7.25±0.34b	2.19±0.16a	0.48±0.04b	0.87±0.10b
	K4	12.59±0.91c	2.32±0.11c	7.07±0.72b	1.81±0.19b	0.38±0.05c	0.78±0.06bc
	K5	9.64±1.12d	1.70±0.13d	4.71±0.71c	1.34±0.12c	0.28±0.03d	0.54±0.06d

处理 Treatment	纵径 Vertical diameter (mm)	横径 Transverse diameter (mm)	果形指数 Shape index
K0	72.01±3.89a	69.10±2.34a	1.04±0.03a
K1	70.11±2.87a	70.52±1.55a	0.99±0.05b
K2	70.33±2.62a	70.55±2.21a	1.00±0.04ab
K3	70.46±3.78a	69.02±2.90a	1.02±0.02ab
K4	70.55±4.05a	68.03±4.33a	1.04±0.02ab
K5	70.80±2.74a	70.38±2.13a	1.01±0.03ab

养分 Nutrient	方程 Equation	顶点Peak point		R2
养分 Nutrient	方程 Equation	施肥量 Fertilizer application	养分量 Nutrient amount	R2
N	y=-36.1x²+54.6x+26.7	0.76	47.42	0.89
P₂O?	y=-8.8x²+14.0x+6.3	0.79	11.92	0.98
K₂O	y=-38.6x²+61.4x+22.6	0.80	47.03	0.96

处理Treatment	L	a	b	a/b
K0	76.22±0.85b	28.64±3.12a	43.29±1.26b	0.66±0.08a
K1	77.52±2.19b	24.16±7.78ab	45.12±2.71b	0.54±0.20ab
K2	80.17±2.44a	18.71±8.59b	48.34±3.03a	0.39±0.19b
K3	76.09±1.34b	29.36±3.62a	44.80±1.30b	0.66±0.09a
K4	77.1±1.00b	25.12±1.83ab	44.71±1.06b	0.56±0.05a
K5	75.37±0.36b	29.07±2.33a	43.54±0.37b	0.67±0.06a

处理 Treatment	果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness (mm)	果实硬度 Fruit firmness (N)	可食率 Edible rate (%)	出汁率 Juice productivity (%)
K0	4.13±0.33a	25.01±1.75b	69.74±1.64a	50.42±4.09bc
K1	4.01±0.24a	27.65±4.10b	71.59±1.42a	54.74±1.50a
K2	4.06±0.11a	35.32±3.97a	71.80±1.60a	51.66±2.13abc
K3	4.09±0.50a	25.08±3.19b	69.32±2.03a	47.77±3.27c
K4	4.17±0.34a	26.00±1.96b	69.64±2.04a	47.66±4.40c
K5	4.48±0.17a	24.58±1.63b	70.36±1.64a	53.03±1.59ab