农田合理施氮量的推荐方法

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了实现作物高产的同时降低氮素环境污染风险，确定农田合理施氮量是最有效的方法之一。作者在阐明氮肥合理施用概念及中国氮肥施用现状的基础上，系统分析了国内外氮肥合理施用量的主要推荐方法，包括：基于土壤测试的推荐方法、基于氮肥施用效应函数的推荐方法、基于氮素输入输出平衡的推荐方法以及基于淋溶水硝态氮超标临界值的推荐方法等4种。前3种方法首先关注氮素农学效应其后评价环境效应，以获得较好的农学效益为出发点，具有一定的科学性，在实践中也证明了其适用性。第4种方法首先考虑氮素环境效应然后评价其对产量影响，以确保地下水硝态氮含量不超标为直接目标，能够量化氮肥合理施用量的实际环境效应，但淋溶水硝酸盐超标临界施氮量的确定由于受多种因素的影响而存在一定的不确定性，其在年际间、区域间、土壤类型间的变异程度均有待进一步研究。

关键词: 合理施氮量, 农学效应, 环境效应, 最高产量施氮量, 临界施氮量

Abstract: In order to obtain high crop yield and low environmental nitrogen (N) pollution risk simultaneously, identifying the optimal N application rate is one of the most effective methods. Based on the theory of optimal N application and the present situation of N fertilizer application in China, we summarized the recommended methods for optimal N rate used in current research. The existing recommended methods for optimal N rate were soil nutrient regulation during crop growth, N application effect curve, balance of N input and output, and the critical N rate based on standard nitrate-N of leaching water from farmland. The first three methods, which focused on agronomy effect firstly and then assessed its environmental effect, were for the purpose of obtaining better agronomic benefits. All of these three methods were scientific and reasonable, which had proved their application in practice. The forth method focused on environmental effect firstly and then estimates its effect on yield intending to prevent nitrate pollution of groundwater, which could quantify the actual environmental effect of optimal N application rate. However, the critical N application rate of the forth method has some uncertainty because of many influencing factors, and its variation under different years, different regions and different soil types need be further studied.

Key words: optimal N application rate, agronomy effect, environmental effect, N rate for the highest yield, critical N rate based on standard nitrate-N

张亦涛，王洪媛，雷秋良，张继宗，翟丽梅，任天志，刘宏斌. 农田合理施氮量的推荐方法[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(15): 2937-2947.

ZHANG YiTao, WANG HongYuan, LEI QiuLiang, ZHANG JiZong, ZHAI LiMei, REN TianZhi, LIU HongBin. Recommended Methods for Optimal Nitrogen Application Rate[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(15): 2937-2947.

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