中国农业科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (22): 4342-4351.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.22.007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

玉米种子成熟度对其活力及F1产量的影响

刘国梁1,赵亚丽1,王秀玲2,李鸿萍1,李潮海1,2   

  1. 1河南农业大学农学院,郑州 450002
    2河南粮食作物协同创新中心,郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2016-04-13 出版日期:2016-11-16 发布日期:2016-11-16
  • 通讯作者: 李潮海,Tel:0371-63555629;E-mail:lichaohai2005@163.com
  • 作者简介:刘国梁,E-mail:13592633824@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-19)

Effects of Seed Maturity on Maize Hybrid Seed Vigor and F1 Yield

LIU Guo-liang1, ZHAO Ya-li1, WANG Xiu-ling2, LI Hong-ping1, LI Chao-hai1,2   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002
    2Collabrative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002
  • Received:2016-04-13 Online:2016-11-16 Published:2016-11-16

摘要: 【目的】研究中国河西制种基地玉米种子成熟度与种子活力、F1产量之间的关系,为确定适宜收获期、避免种子遭受早霜冻、确保种子质量安全提供指导。【方法】采用大田试验和室内分析相结合的方法,选用偏马齿型豫单603杂交种子和偏硬粒型豫单606杂交种为材料,从授粉后40 d开始采收果穗,每隔5 d测定一次籽粒乳线发育、籽粒含水量、百粒重、种子发芽率和浸出液电导率,并检测F1田间表现及籽粒产量,研究玉米种子成熟度对种子活力和F1产量的影响。【结果】豫单603和豫单606 2个杂交种乳线出现时间和发育程度存在较大差别,整体表现为豫单603乳线出现晚、消失早,而豫单606乳线出现早、消失晚。授粉后40 d,豫单606乳线位置达0.16,而豫单603尚未出现,二者在授粉后65 d时乳线位置接近0.50,此时,豫单603和豫单606籽粒含水量分别为31.66%和35.09%;授粉后40 d,豫单603的籽粒含水量高于豫单606;授粉后45 d及以后二者的籽粒含水量呈相反趋势;生理成熟时,豫单603(授粉后75 d)的籽粒含水量26.71%,豫单606(授粉后80 d)的籽粒含水量为27.00%。随着种子成熟度的提高,杂交种子F1的发芽率不断提高,生理成熟时达到最大。授粉后40 d,2个品种的杂交种子F1已具有一定发芽能力。授粉后75 d,豫单603达到生理成熟时,标准发芽率96.67%;豫单606授粉后80 d生理成熟,发芽率98%。种子简化活力指数随成熟度增加而提高,2个杂交种在授粉后65 d达到最大,分别为5.89和8.70,之后略有下降。与标准发芽率一致,2个杂交种人工加速老化发芽率也随成熟度提高而上升。授粉后40 d,种子成熟度低,老化发芽率分别为58.33%和54.67%;生理成熟时,豫单603老化发芽率90.00%,豫单606为92.33%。田间出苗率、整齐度、干物质积累量和F1产量均随种子成熟度提高而上升,至生理成熟时达到最大,但豫单603和豫单606生理成熟期收获的杂交种子F1的产量与授粉后65 d收获的杂交种子F1的产量均无显著性差异,表明2个品种在授粉后65 d时收获的杂交种子F1均可获得较高的幼苗素质和籽粒产量。【结论】在河西张掖玉米制种区,雌穗授粉后65 d,籽粒乳线在1/2位置左右,籽粒含水量30%—35%,可作为玉米种子适宜收获期,比目前生产上(乳线基本消失)提前15 d左右,不仅有利于争时晾晒防冻害,同时可获得高活力种子。

关键词: 玉米, 成熟度, 种子活力, 收获期

Abstract: 【Objective】 Investigations on the effects of seed maturity on maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid seed vigor and F1 production in corn seed production base along Hexi corridor in China are the bases of determining optimum harvest time of maize seed, protecting seed from the early frost and ensuring seed quality safety. 【Method】A field experiment combined with biochemical test were carried out with two maize hybrids, i.e. Yudan603 (partial dent maize variety, YD603) and Yudan606 (rigid grain maize variety, YD606). Ear samples were taken at an interval of 5 days after 40 days after pollination to test milk line development, grain water content, hundred-grain weight, standard germination, electrical conductivity, F1 field performance and production, and study the effects of maize seed maturity on seed vigor and F1 production.【Result】 There was a significant difference in the occurrence time and development process of milk line between the two hybrids YD603 and YD606. Compared with YD606, milk line of YD603 appeared earlier while disappeared later. On 40 days after pollination (DAP), the milk line position of YD606 was at 0.16, while that of YD603 had not yet appeared. On 65 DAP, both hybrids had a similar milk line position about 0.50, and the grain water content of YD603 was 31.66% and that of YD606 was 35.09%. On 40 DAP, grain water content of YD603 was higher than that of YD606. After 45 DAP, opposite changes in grain water content were found between YD603 and YD606. At physiological maturity, grain water contents of YD603 (75 DAP) and YD606 (80 DAP) were 26.71% and 27%, respectively. The germinating ability of F1 increased with the seed maturity and reached the maximum at physiological maturity. On 40 DAP, the seeds of two hybrids had partly germinating ability. YD603 reached physiological maturity on 75 DAP with a standard germination rate of 96.67%, while YD606 reached physiological maturity on 80 DAP with a standard germination rate of 98%. Seed simple vigor index of YD603 and YD606 also increased with the seed maturity, and reached the maximum values 5.89 and 8.70, respectively, on 65 DAP. Afterwards, seed simple vigor index of both hybrids decreased slightly. In accordance with standard germination rate, artificial accelerated aging germination rate of the two hybrids increased with the seed maturity. On 40 DAP, aging germination rates of YD603 and YD606 were only 58.33% and 58.33%, respectively, for the low seed maturity, while that were 90.00% (75 DAP), and 92.33% (80 DAP), respectively at physiological maturity. The field germination percentage, uniformity, dry matter accumulation and yield of F1 generation of two hybrids increased with the seed maturity improvement, and reached maximum value at physiological maturity without significant difference compared with those of 65 DAP, which suggested that good seedling quality and yield of F1 could be obtained when F1 seed was harvested on 65 DAP . 【Conclusion】The results suggested that the optimum harvest time of hybrid seed is on 65 DAP, when the seed milk line position was at 0.5 and seed moisture is between 30% and 35%. The harvest time is 15 days earlier than the conventional harvest time (milk line almost disappeared) in corn seed production base along Hexi corridor of Zhangye, which not only can provide more time for seeds air-drying to avoid frost damage, but also can ensure high-quality hybrid seeds.

Key words: maize, seed maturity, seed vigor, harvest time