玉米抗穗腐病研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.11.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 玉米是世界上最重要的农作物之一，中国玉米总产量占全国所有谷物产量的38.12%。穗腐病是玉米生产中的重要病害，在降低玉米产量和品质的同时，产生的毒素也危害人畜安全。抗性品种的选育和利用是控制玉米穗腐病的经济、安全和有效措施。目前，国内外对玉米穗腐病的致病菌进行了较为详细的研究，鉴定出40余种病原真菌，其中拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢和黄曲霉引起的穗腐病发生普遍，危害最为严重。建立了4种玉米抗穗腐病鉴定的方法，即双牙签接种法、花丝喷雾法、花丝通道注射法和针刺果穗注射法，从数千份玉米种质资源中筛选出一批抗拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢或黄曲霉穗腐病的材料。明确了玉米抗穗腐病的物理与生化机制，主要表现为抗侵染和抗扩散两个方面。对部分材料进行了抗性遗传分析和抗性基因QTL定位研究，在玉米1—8号染色体上检测到60余个抗黄曲霉侵染或抑制黄曲霉毒素积累的QTL；定位了55个抗拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病、29个抗禾谷镰孢穗腐病、16个抗伏马毒素和DON毒素的QTL，并通过meta-QTL分析获得了数个能稳定表达且贡献率较大的QTL位点。创制了10余份抗穗腐病种质，育成了少数对穗腐病具有较好抗性的玉米新品种。尽管如此，抗性研究和抗病育种成果用于生产实践的事例仍很少，生产上缺乏抗穗腐病且高产优质的玉米品种。本文从玉米穗腐病病原类型、抗性种质筛选与评价、抗性遗传及抗性基因的发掘与分子定位、抗性机制、抗病品种的选育等方面对国内外玉米抗穗腐病研究进行了综述，并对今后的相关研究进行了展望，以期对促进玉米抗穗腐病研究有所裨益。

关键词: 玉米, 穗腐病, 抗性

Abstract: Maize is one of the most important crops in the world. The percentage of maize yields is 38.12% in gross cereal yields of China. Ear rot is a serious disease of maize, which often leads to a decline in yield and quality, and that hazards animals and human health because of the toxins that are produced in the ear rot. The development and utilization of resistant cultivars is the most economical, safe, and effective method for controlling ear rot. So far, many studies on pathogens causing maize ear rot have been reported and more than 40 pathogenic fungi have been isolated and identified. The ear rots caused by Fusarium verticillioides, F. graminearum and Aspergillus flavus are very common and serious diseases. The four methods of resistance identification have been established, i.e. two toothpicks method, silk spraying, silk channel injection and kernel injection. Thousands of maize germplasm have been identified and evaluated for resistance to ear rot, and some accessions with resistance to F. verticillioides, F. graminearum or A. flavus also have been screened out. Resistance inheritance and gene mapping have been conducted for some materials, and more than 60 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize have been mapped on chromosomes 1-8. Furthermore, 55, 29 and 16 QTLs resistance to F. verticillioides, F. graminearum and fumonisin and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation have been discovered, respectively. Based on QTL associated with ear rot resistance in maize, the meta-QTL analysis has been projected and some stable QTLs have been detected. Also, more than 10 ear rot resistant accessions have been developed and some new varieties with different levels of resistance have been bred. In addition, physical and biochemical resistance mechanisms were demonstrated, which mainly reflected in anti-infection and anti-diffusion. However, there are few successful cases that the resistance research and disease-resistant breeding results are applied to production practice, resulting in lack of maize cultivars with stable resistance as well as high yield and quality. In this paper, the advances including pathogens, identification of resistant maize germplasm, resistance inheritance, discovery and mapping of resistance genes, resistance mechanism, and breeding resistant varieties in research of maize resistance to ear rot are reviewed, and several important directions for the future researches are prospected. The main aim is to supply useful information so as to promote the development of the research on maize resistance to ear rot.

Key words: maize (Zea mays L.), ear rot, resistance

段灿星，王晓鸣，宋凤景，孙素丽，周丹妮，朱振东. 玉米抗穗腐病研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(11): 2152-2164.

DUAN Can-xing, WANG Xiao-ming, SONG Feng-jing, SUN Su-li, ZHOU Dan-ni, ZHU Zhen-dong. Advances in Research on Maize Resistance to Ear Rot[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(11): 2152-2164.

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