直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.23.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】了解高产直播冬油菜的养分吸收和利用规律。【方法】高产栽培条件下，在冬油菜整个生育期内定期取样，测定油菜各部位干物质量和养分含量，计算各生育时期氮、磷、钾养分积累量，明确甘蓝型冬油菜在4 500 kg•hm-2产量条件下的干物质积累及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用规律。【结果】直播冬油菜总干物质积累呈“S”形曲线，表现为薹花期＞苗期＞角果成熟期。根、茎、绿叶、落叶的干物质量分别在播种后185、200、130、230 d达最大值，干物质量分别为2 286、5 450、2 306、2 162 kg•hm-2。各器官氮含量（籽粒除外）随生育时期的推进逐渐降低，苗期变化平缓，蕾薹期后降幅较大。茎、绿叶中磷含量苗期略有上升，蕾薹期后迅速降低。根、落叶、角壳中磷含量则持续下降。根、茎中钾含量在苗期波动较大，蕾薹期后迅速降低。叶片中钾含量在苗期略有降低，其后一直稳定。落叶中钾含量一直波动变化，无明显规律。氮、钾的积累规律相似，出苗后持续增加，花期达最大值，而后略有下降，两者积累量均表现为苗期＞蕾薹期＞花期。整个生育期磷积累量持续上升，表现为角果期＞苗期＞薹花期。高产栽培条件下直播油菜N、P、K最大养分需求量分别为217.6、39.9、219.8 kg•hm-2，需求比例为1.00﹕0.18﹕1.01。【结论】除落叶和生殖器官外，各器官干物质积累量、养分含量、养分积累量均呈现苗期升高花期后降低的变化趋势。根、茎、叶中的部分养分在花期后会转移到籽粒中，保证直播冬油菜花期前充足的养分供给是高产的前提。

关键词: 轻简化, 直播, 甘蓝型冬油菜, 养分积累量

Abstract: 【Objective】An experiment was conducted to study the law of nutrients absorption and accumulation for high yield direct seeded winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).【Method】In order to know N, P and K absorption and utilization of winter oilseed rape which produced 4 500 kg•hm-2 seeds under high yield cultivation patterns, dry matter accumulation and nutrient content and nutrient accumulation in different organs were tested at regular intervals.【Result】Results showed that dry matter accumulation appeared S-type curve and showed as blooming period＞seedling period＞pod period, and roots, stems, green leaves and defoliation reached maximum at 185, 200, 130 and 230 days after seeding and get 2 286, 5 450, 2 306 and 2 162 kg•hm-2 respectively. N content kept stable in seedling period and decreased sharply after flowing period in all organs except seeds. P content increased slowly in seedling period and decreased quickly after flowing in both stems and leaves and decreased constantly in roots, defoliation and shells. K content in both roots and stems changed significantly in seedling period and decreased after then. K content of green leaves decreased in seedling period and kept steadily during other periods. K content in defoliation changed significantly and irregularly. Both N and K accumulation reached maximum in blooming period and decreased little after then. Accumulation of N and K showed as seedling period＞bud period＞blooming period. P accumulation increased constantly in the whole growth period and showed as pod period＞seedling period＞blooming period. The maximum requirement of N, P and K under high yield cultivation were 217.6, 39.9, and 219.8 kg•hm-2, respectively, and the ratio of 1.0﹕0.18﹕1.01.【Conclusion】Dry matter accumulation and nutrient content and nutrient accumulation showed as a falling after rising in each organs except defoliation and reproductive organ. Accumulation of N, P and K in roots and stems and leaves can be recycled in different degrees. Sufficient fertilizer supply before blooming period in winter oilseed rape is the guarantee of high yield.

Key words: simplifield cultivation, direct seeding, oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.), nutrients accumulation

刘晓伟, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 卜容燕, 刘波, 次旦. 直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(23): 4823-4832.

LIU Xiao-Wei, LU Jian-Wei, LI Xiao-Kun, BU Rong-Yan, LIU Bo, CI Dan. Dry Matter Accumulation and N, P, K Absorbtion and Utilization in Direct Seeding Winter Oilseed (Brassica napus L.)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(23): 4823-4832.

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