中国农业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (15): 2952-2966.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.15.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国冬油菜栽培方式变迁与相应的养分管理策略

王寅1,2,鲁剑巍1   

  1. 1华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,武汉 430070
    2吉林农业大学资源与环境学院,长春 130118
  • 收稿日期:2014-12-04 出版日期:2015-08-01 发布日期:2015-08-01
  • 通讯作者: 鲁剑巍,E-mail:lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:王寅,E-mail:wy1986410@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家“十二五”科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B03)、国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13)、长江学者和创新团队发展计划(IRT1247)

The Transitional Cultivation Patterns of Winter Oilseed Rape in China and the Corresponding Nutrient Management Strategies

WANG Yin 1, 2, LU Jian-wei 1   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070
    2College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118
  • Received:2014-12-04 Online:2015-08-01 Published:2015-08-01

摘要: 直播和育苗移栽是目前长江流域冬油菜并存的两种栽培方式,其技术发展和推广状况对中国油菜产业发展和油料供应安全具有重要意义。不同的历史阶段下,随栽培品种、种植目标、劳动力条件和生产力水平等因素的变化,中国冬油菜栽培方式也在不断的转变和发展。文章概述了新中国建立后冬油菜栽培方式的发展变化历程,从最初以直播种植为主,到20世纪60年代中期直播为主而育苗移栽开始起步,20世纪80年代育苗移栽方式实现全面推广并长期应用,再到当前直播和育苗移栽两种栽培方式并存。而养分管理措施也经历了从最初施用农家肥,到开始施用氮、磷化肥,到提倡氮、磷、钾、硼肥配合施用,再到当前形成的育苗移栽油菜高产高效养分管理技术。直播和育苗移栽油菜的栽培特点和生长过程存在着显著差异,文章主要从生育进程、种植密度、群体结构与个体形态等方面对两者进行了分析和比较。相比育苗移栽油菜,直播油菜的生育期一般相应缩短,个体生长状况较弱,单株产量偏低,但在较高的种植密度基础上可发挥群体优势,且根群结构也有助于增强养分和水分吸收能力,因此具有高产高效的潜力。目前,长江流域育苗移栽油菜的养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥体系已经建立,养分管理策略也较为完善,其要点为:根据土壤肥力状况和目标产量水平合理确定氮、磷、钾、硼肥用量,保证养分平衡供应,实行有机无机肥料配合施用,采取氮、钾肥分次施用(推荐基肥﹕越冬肥﹕薹肥=60%﹕20%﹕20%)以协调生长发育和养分吸收,强壮个体而实现高产。针对直播油菜发展迅速而在高产条件下养分管理研究相对滞后的现状,文章重点比较了其与育苗移栽油菜在养分响应、吸收分配和需求利用等方面的差异,发现直播油菜对养分缺乏较为敏感,养分不足导致个体生长低下和群体衰亡,后期物质和养分转运效率较低,而且对磷、钾养分的需求明显更高。基于已有研究结果总结出直播油菜的“前促后稳”养分管理策略,即在氮、磷、钾及微量元素养分合理平衡施用基础上,保证磷、钾供应,施用有机肥并进行秸秆还田,肥料运筹中重视氮肥对个体和群体发展的调控作用,减少基施而增加苗肥以促前期生长,中后期适时追肥以保证群体数量和产量形成,推荐基肥﹕苗肥﹕越冬肥﹕薹肥=40%﹕30%﹕15%﹕15%。此外,应配合其他栽培措施协同增效提质,选用适宜早熟和耐密的品种,采用机械化精量播种技术,施用长效专用复合肥或专用控释肥,配合密植以省肥补迟、增库促源,加强病虫草害防控技术。文章还对直播油菜养分管理研究中的问题和未来方向进行了探讨和展望,以期为进一步完善其栽培管理措施和科学施肥技术提供参考。

关键词: 冬油菜, 直播, 育苗移栽, 播种期, 植株密度, 养分管理

Abstract: Both direct-sowing and transplanting are the dominated methods to establish winter oilseed rape in the current Yangtze River Basin, China, which play important roles in the development of national oilseed rape industry and edible oil supply security. With the altered cultivars, production targets, local labor conditions, and productivity levels, cultivation patterns and corresponding technical practices had transformed and developed at different historical stages. The present paper reviewed the development processes of cultivation pattern and corresponding technique in winter oilseed rape production since the foundation of China. Direct-sowing, the main cultivation pattern at the beginning and transplantation, was started from 1960s, and then transplantation was fully adopted in large scale during 1980s to 1990s. Nowadays, direct-sowing and transplantation cultivations have co-existed in winter oilseed rape production of China. Correspondingly, nutrient management practices have progressed from farmyard manure application to N and P chemical fertilizers application, and then converted to advocate the balanced application of N, P, K, and B fertilizers, and now a high-yielding and high efficiency technique system is found for transplanted oilseed rape. There are significant differences in the cultivation characters and growth progresses between direct-sowing oilseed rape (DOR) and transplanting oilseed rape (TOR), their growth stages, plant density, population structure and individual morphology were emphatically compared in this paper. The DOR showed generally shorter growth stages, weaker plants and lower individual yield, compared with TOR. However, DOR played group effects under the higher plant density and had stronger abilities to absorb nutrient and water due to the greater root system, and therefore showed a potential of high yield and high efficiency. At present, the abundance-deficiency nutrient indices and recommended fertilization system of TOR have been established in Yangtze River Basin, and nutrient management strategy has also been completed. The main points included determining fertilizer application rates based on soil fertility and target yield level, ensuring balanced nutrient supply and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, adopting split application of N and K fertilizers (basal fertilizer﹕overwintering fertilizer﹕bolting fertilizer = 60%﹕20%﹕20%) to match the growth and nutrient uptake, aiming to strengthen individual plant and obtain high yield. In view of the rapid development but lagging nutrient management practice of DOR, the differences in nutrient responses, absorption and distribution, requirement and utilization between DOR and TOR were emphatically compared and discussed. The results indicated that DOR were more sensitive to nutrient deficiency and insufficient nutrient supply leaded to weak individual growth and population decline, its transport efficiencies for biomass and nutrient were lower, and it showed higher requirement for P and K than TOR. The nutrient management strategy of “promotion in early and stabilization in late” for DOR was presented according to the existing researches, and it included: ensuring P and K supply based on the rational and balanced nutrients application, applying organic fertilizer and returning straw to the field, and paying more attention to the role of N fertilizer in the development of individual and population. The N fertilizer as basal should be reduced and seedling topdressing need to be increased to improve plant growth at early stage, and appropriate topdressing before flowering are also required to ensure population density and yield formation. The recommended N fertilizer application practice of DOR is basal fertilizer﹕seedling fertilizer﹕overwintering fertilizer﹕bolting fertilizer = 40%﹕30%﹕15%﹕15%. Moreover, nutrient management should be adopted with other cultivation practices, e.g. selecting early-maturing and density-resisting varieties, adopting mechanization precision sowing technique, adopting specific long-acting formula fertilizer or controlled release fertilizer, increasing appropriately plant density to reduce fertilizer rate, compensate late-sowing, and improve sink and source, and enhancing plant protection to control diseases, pests and weeds. Furthermore, the main problems in current researches and the key points in future studies for DOR were also proposed in this paper, in hope of providing references for further improvement of cultivation practices and scientific fertilization technique.

Key words: winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), direct-sowing, transplanting, sowing date, plant density, nutrient management