中国农业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (15): 2952-2966.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.15.005
王寅1,2,鲁剑巍1
收稿日期:
2014-12-04
出版日期:
2015-08-01
发布日期:
2015-08-01
通讯作者:
鲁剑巍,E-mail:lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:
王寅,E-mail:wy1986410@163.com
基金资助:
WANG Yin 1, 2, LU Jian-wei 1
Received:
2014-12-04
Online:
2015-08-01
Published:
2015-08-01
摘要: 直播和育苗移栽是目前长江流域冬油菜并存的两种栽培方式,其技术发展和推广状况对中国油菜产业发展和油料供应安全具有重要意义。不同的历史阶段下,随栽培品种、种植目标、劳动力条件和生产力水平等因素的变化,中国冬油菜栽培方式也在不断的转变和发展。文章概述了新中国建立后冬油菜栽培方式的发展变化历程,从最初以直播种植为主,到20世纪60年代中期直播为主而育苗移栽开始起步,20世纪80年代育苗移栽方式实现全面推广并长期应用,再到当前直播和育苗移栽两种栽培方式并存。而养分管理措施也经历了从最初施用农家肥,到开始施用氮、磷化肥,到提倡氮、磷、钾、硼肥配合施用,再到当前形成的育苗移栽油菜高产高效养分管理技术。直播和育苗移栽油菜的栽培特点和生长过程存在着显著差异,文章主要从生育进程、种植密度、群体结构与个体形态等方面对两者进行了分析和比较。相比育苗移栽油菜,直播油菜的生育期一般相应缩短,个体生长状况较弱,单株产量偏低,但在较高的种植密度基础上可发挥群体优势,且根群结构也有助于增强养分和水分吸收能力,因此具有高产高效的潜力。目前,长江流域育苗移栽油菜的养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥体系已经建立,养分管理策略也较为完善,其要点为:根据土壤肥力状况和目标产量水平合理确定氮、磷、钾、硼肥用量,保证养分平衡供应,实行有机无机肥料配合施用,采取氮、钾肥分次施用(推荐基肥﹕越冬肥﹕薹肥=60%﹕20%﹕20%)以协调生长发育和养分吸收,强壮个体而实现高产。针对直播油菜发展迅速而在高产条件下养分管理研究相对滞后的现状,文章重点比较了其与育苗移栽油菜在养分响应、吸收分配和需求利用等方面的差异,发现直播油菜对养分缺乏较为敏感,养分不足导致个体生长低下和群体衰亡,后期物质和养分转运效率较低,而且对磷、钾养分的需求明显更高。基于已有研究结果总结出直播油菜的“前促后稳”养分管理策略,即在氮、磷、钾及微量元素养分合理平衡施用基础上,保证磷、钾供应,施用有机肥并进行秸秆还田,肥料运筹中重视氮肥对个体和群体发展的调控作用,减少基施而增加苗肥以促前期生长,中后期适时追肥以保证群体数量和产量形成,推荐基肥﹕苗肥﹕越冬肥﹕薹肥=40%﹕30%﹕15%﹕15%。此外,应配合其他栽培措施协同增效提质,选用适宜早熟和耐密的品种,采用机械化精量播种技术,施用长效专用复合肥或专用控释肥,配合密植以省肥补迟、增库促源,加强病虫草害防控技术。文章还对直播油菜养分管理研究中的问题和未来方向进行了探讨和展望,以期为进一步完善其栽培管理措施和科学施肥技术提供参考。
王寅,鲁剑巍. 中国冬油菜栽培方式变迁与相应的养分管理策略[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(15): 2952-2966.
WANG Yin, LU Jian-wei. The Transitional Cultivation Patterns of Winter Oilseed Rape in China and the Corresponding Nutrient Management Strategies[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(15): 2952-2966.
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