生猪养殖系统碳足迹评估研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】畜禽养殖业是重要的温室气体排放源，我国是生猪养殖大国，科学评估生猪养殖系统碳足迹，能够为畜牧业深入推进减排降碳提供参考借鉴。【方法】本文中从碳足迹评估模型、评估方法和主要排放源三方面对国内外生猪养殖系统碳足迹评估研究现状进行梳理，围绕系统边界、排放源、核算方法以及单位选择等因素深入分析了评估结果差异性的成因，解析了饲料生产、粪污处理等环节对评估结果的影响。【结果】目前国外对生猪养殖生产全生命周期的碳足迹评估形成了较为成熟的评估模型。每生产1 kg功能单位的猪肉碳足迹为2.2—10.3 kg CO_2-eq。各研究中，不同评估方法会对评估结果产生较大影响。划定不同的系统边界、采用不同的功能单位，均会导致碳足迹评估结果出现差异。同时，在相同系统边界内，核算的排放源不同、同一排放源选取的参数不同，或者选择不同的分配方法也会影响评估结果。在生猪养殖生产系统中，饲料生产是对生猪生产系统碳足迹贡献最大的环节，占比为49%—83%。粪便管理环节的排放仅次于饲料生产环节，占比为12%—41%。【结论】为了使我国生猪养殖系统的碳足迹评估更加精准和广泛，应开展针对中国不同区域不同养殖模式下温室气体排放关键参数的监测，根据我国生猪养殖系统发展现状建立适合本国国情的碳足迹评估数据库，统一评估方法，规范评估要求，创建符合地区实践的评估模型，为我国生猪养殖产业的可持续发展提供数据参考。

关键词: 碳足迹, 生猪, 评估方法, 系统, 低碳, 温室气体, 全生命周期

Abstract:

【Objective】 Livestock production is one of the important emission sources of greenhouse gases, while China is a major country in pig farming. Scientifically assessing the carbon footprint of pig farming system can provide a reference for further promoting carbon emission reduction of animal husbandry. 【Method】 This paper reviewed the research status of carbon footprint assessment of pig breeding system, including model, results and composition. The results of carbon footprint assessment were related to many factors, such as system boundary, emission sources, accounting methods and functional unit. In this study, we considered the main factors which affect the evaluation results, and analyzed the reasons for the difference of results. 【Result】 Through reviewing the domestic and foreign literature on carbon footprint assessment, it was realized that the assessment model of livestock had been constructed well in developed country. The carbon footprint of 1 kg functional unit product was 2.2-10.3 kg CO_2-eq. The assessment results varied due to the different evaluation methods in various studies. Different system boundaries and functional units were the important reasons for different results. The different emission sources, accounting parameters selected for the same emission source, or diverse allocation methods under the same system boundary also led to great differences. For the contribution to the carbon footprint of the pig production system, feed production was the largest link, accounting for 49%-83%; the second was manure management, accounting for 12%-41%. 【Conclusion】 In order to widely precise the carbon footprint of China’s pig production system, the suggestions were as follows: monitoring the key parameters of greenhouse gas emissions for various feeding modes in all regions of China should be carried out; the Chinese carbon footprint assessment database according to the development status of Chinese pig breeding systems should be established; the unified and standardized evaluation methods should be appeared publicly; an carbon footprint assessment model fit for different regions of Chinese production practice should be created to provide data reference support for the sustainable development of Chinese pig production system.

Key words: carbon footprint, pig, assessment method, system, low carbon, greenhouse gas, life cycle assessment

周元清, 董红敏, 朱志平, 王悦, 李南西. 生猪养殖系统碳足迹评估研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2): 379-389.

ZHOU YuanQing, DONG HongMin, ZHU ZhiPing, WANG Yue, LI NanXi. Review on Carbon Footprint Assessment of Pig Farming System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 379-389.

图/表 4

表1

表2

表3

生猪养殖生产系统碳足迹评估分配方法的总结"

来源 Source	饲料生产子系统 Feed supply chain	养殖场子系统（粪便施用） Farm (manure application)	屠宰加工子系统 Slaughter-process
[43]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统分割（归入作物种植） System segmentation (subsumed into crop planting)	系统分割（归入可食用部分）System segmentation (subsumed into edible parts)
[50]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统分割（归入作物种植） System segmentation (subsumed into crop planting)	--
[47]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统扩展（抵消化肥施用） System expansion (offset fertilizer application)	系统分割 System segmentation
[58]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统分割（归入作物种植） System segmentation (subsumed into crop planting)	--
[44]	系统扩展 System expansion	系统扩展（抵消化肥施用） System expansion (offset fertilizer application)	系统扩展 System expansion
[56]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统分割（归入动物养殖） System segmentation (subsumed into animal feeding)	系统分割 System segmentation
[49]	经济分配 Economic allocation	物理分配（基于活性氮量） Physical allocation (based on active nitrogen content)	经济分配 Economic allocation
[59]	系统扩展 System expansion	系统扩展 System expansion	--
[60]	物理分配（基于质量分数） Physical allocation (based on mass)	系统扩展（抵消化肥施用） System expansion (offset fertilizer application)	--
[37]	物理分配（基于能量值） Physical allocation (based on energy value)	系统扩展（归入动物养殖） System expansion(subsumed into animal feeding)	--
[54]	系统扩展 System expansion	系统扩展 System expansion	系统扩展 System expansion
[45]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统扩展 System expansion	系统扩展 System expansion
[38]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统扩展（归入动物养殖） System expansion(subsumed into animal feeding)	经济分配 Economic allocation
[55]	经济分配 Economic allocation	经济分配 Economic allocation	--
[46]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统扩展 System expansion	系统分割（归入胴体可食部分） System segmentation (subsumed into edible parts of the carcass)
[33]	物理分配（基于含氮量） Physical allocation (based on nitrogen content)	系统扩展 System expansion	系统分割（归入胴体可食部分） System segmentation (subsumed into edible parts of the carcass)
[27]	经济分配 Economic allocation	系统扩展 System expansion	物理分配（基于质量分数） Physical allocation (based on mass)

表3

图1

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模型名称 Model	应用对象 Objective	展现形式 Form	系统边界 System boundary	分配方法 Allocation method	温室气体类型 GHGs	核算方法 Method
GLEAM	全球 Global	无 None	从饲料生产到零售消费 From feed production to consumption	经济分配 Economic allocation	CO₂、CH₄、N₂O、HCFs	IPCC (2006) Tier1
CAPRI	欧盟 EU	网页 Website	从饲料生产到零售消费 From feed production to consumption	系统扩展 System expansion	CO₂、CH₄、 N₂O	IPCC (2006) Tier1、GAINS数据库GAINS Database
ULICEES	加拿大 Canada	无 None	从饲料生产到屠宰加工 From feed production to slaughter	不分配、物理分配、经济分配 No allocation，physical allocation and economic allocation	CO₂、CH₄、 N₂O	IPCC (2006) Tier2
SustainPork	企业 Enterprise	Excel	从饲料生产到屠宰加工 From feed production to slaughter	不分配、经济分配 No allocation，economic allocation	CO₂、CH₄、 N₂O	IPCC (2006) Tier1

国家 Country	碳足迹 CF (kg CO₂-eq/FU)	功能单位 Functional unit (FU)	来源 Source
全球 Global	6.10	1 kg carcass weight	[29]
美国 America	2.47	1 kg liveweight pig meat	[37]
美国 America	2.70	1 kg carcass weight	[38]
加拿大 Canada	2.88^a	1 kg pork	[35]
	4.15^b
	4.43^c
中国（四川）China (Sichuan)	5.42^hou、4.29^agg	1 kg carcass weight	[39]
中国 China	2.20	1 kg product	[4]
中国（河北）China (Hebei)	2.72	1 kg liveweight	[40]
欧盟 EU	4.80	1 kg pig meat slaughter weight	[41]
	3.07^n-LUC、5.37^LUC	1 kg carcass weight	[34]
	4.46^n-LUC、5.79^LUC	1 kg carcass weight	[33]
荷兰 Netherlands	5.46	1 kg liveweight pig meat	[42]
瑞典 Sweden	3.60	1 kg of bone and fat free meat	[43]
丹麦 Denmark	3.60	1 kg pork	[44]
丹麦 Denmark	3.10	1 kg pork	[45]
德国 Germany	3.22	1 kg carcass deadweight	[46]
英国 UK	6.40	1 kg carcass deadweight	[47]
	3.30	1 kg liveweight pig meat	[48]
	3.50^con 4.40^org	1 kg carcass deadweight	[49]
法国 France	2.30	1 kg liveweight pig meat	[50]
法国 France	2.77	1 kg liveweight pig meat	[51]
比利时 Belgium	2.55	1 kg carcass weight pig meat	[52]
比利时 Belgium	4.80	1 kg deboned pig meat	[53]
西班牙 Spain	6.70	1 kg of liveweight pork at farm gate	[50]
	8.70	1 kg of carcass pork at slaughterhouse gate
	10.30	1 kg fresh/frozen cut pork
	10.70	1 kg ham (slicing and packaging)
澳大利亚 Australia	5.50	1 kg carcass weight	[54]
日本 Japan	3.16	1 kg liveweight from 1 pig marketed at 115 kg	[55]