我国育成苹果品种的系谱分析及其育种启示

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文系统收集并分析了1951—2019年我国报道育成的273个苹果品种（不含砧木）的资料,对这些苹果品种的亲本组成及亲本选配特点和规律进行分析,绘制以主要品种为亲本育成品种的系谱图,以全面总结新中国成立70年来我国苹果的育种成果。在我国选育的273个苹果品种中,通过杂交获得的品种最多（145个,53.11%）,其次是芽变品种（111个,40.65%）,实生选育品种（15个,5.50%）和诱变品种（2个,0.73%）。根据品种特性分类,育成苹果品种中,红皮品种最多（240个,占87.91%）,其次是绿皮品种（19个,6.96%）和黄皮品种（14个,5.13%）。大果（≥200 g）、中果（100—200 g）和小果（≤100 g的小果）品种分别占57.14%、35.53%和7.73%。果实成熟期早、中和晚熟品种分别占24.54%、32.97%和42.49%。273个育成的苹果品种中,有耐贮品种（83个,30.40%）、抗寒品种（78个,28.57%）、短枝型品种（34个,12.45%）、柱型品种（8个,2.93%）和红肉品种（4个,1.47%）。分析亲本来源明确的262个品种,表明这些品种由103个亲本育成,包括3个国内地方品种,63个国外引进品种和37个衍生品种。通过系谱分析发现,苹果骨干亲本为‘富士’‘金冠’‘元帅’和‘嘎啦’,分别衍生104、64、36和24个品种。杂交和芽变是选育苹果品种的主要途径,亲本性状优良或不同地理来源的亲本组合更容易选育出优良品种。在此基础上,剖析我苹果育种中存在的问题,并对生物技术在系谱分析上的应用进行展望。本文为制定苹果育种计划和亲本的选配提供了有益借鉴。

关键词: 苹果, 育成品种, 系谱分析, 亲本选配, 骨干亲本

Abstract:

In order to comprehensively summarize the apple breeding achievements in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the information on the parent composition, parent selection and characteristics of 273 apple cultivars (excluding rootstock) in China from 1951 to 2019 were collected and systematically analyzed, and the pedigree diagram of these cultivars was drawn. Among 273 apple cultivars, most were obtained by hybridization (145, 53.11%), followed by bud sports (111, 40.65%), seedling selection (15, 5.50%) and mutation (2, 0.73%). According to the skin color, the cultivars with red skin were the most (240, 87.91%), the number of green and yellow skin were 19 (6.96%) and 14 (5.13%), respectively. According to the average fruit mass, the percentages of big size (≥200 g), middle size (100-200 g) and small size (≥100 g) fruits were 57.14%, 35.53% and 7.73%, respectively. The percentages of the early, middle and late maturity were 24.54%, 32.97% and 42.49%, respectively. Among the 273 apple cultivars, 83 (30.40%) were long-storage, 78 (28.57%) cold-resistant, 34 (12.45%) spur-type, 8 (2.93%) columnar and 4 (1.47%) red-flesh cultivars. 262 apple cultivars with known parents were bred from 103 parents, including 3 local, 63 abroad and 37 derived cultivars. Pedigree analysis revealed that Fuji, Golden Delicious, Delicious and Gala were backbone parents used for apple breeding, with 104, 64, 36 and 24 cultivars, respectively. Hybridization and bud mutation were the main methods to apple breeding and the combinations with both parents from different geographical area or having great botanical characteristic difference always had strong heterosis. On the basis of these, the problems in apple breeding were analyzed, and the application of biotechnology in pedigree analysis was also prospected. This paper provided a useful reference for making the breeding plan and selecting parents of apple in the future.

Key words: apple, released variety, pedigree analysis, parental selection, backbone parents

董志丹,宋尚伟,宋春晖,郑先波,焦健,王苗苗,阎振立,张瑞萍,白团辉. 我国育成苹果品种的系谱分析及其育种启示[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4485-4496.

DONG ZhiDan,SONG ShangWei,SONG ChunHui,ZHENG XianBo,JIAO Jian,WANG MiaoMiao,YAN ZhenLi,ZHANG RuiPing,BAI TuanHui. Pedigree Analysis and Breeding Inspiration of Apple Cultivars in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4485-4496.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.016

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2020/V53/I21/4485

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父母本来源 Parental information	育种方式 Breeding method	品种数量 Number of varieties							小计 Total
父母本来源 Parental information	育种方式 Breeding method	审定 Approval	鉴定 Identification	认定 Examination	品权 Right	登记 Registration	备案 Record	其他 Other	小计 Total
清楚 Known	杂交 Cross breeding	70	35	0	5	12	13	10	145
	芽变Bud sport breeding	50	24	2	0	24	1	4	105
	实生 Seedling selection	6	2	0	0	0	0	2	10
	诱变Mutation breeding	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	2
	小计 Total	127	61	2	5	36	14	17	262
不清楚 Unknown	杂交 Cross breeding	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	芽变Bud sport breeding	0	2	0	0	3	1	0	6
	实生 Seedling selection	1	2	0	0	1	0	1	5
	诱变 Mutation breeding	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	小计 Total	1	4	0	0	4	1	1	11

育种方式 Breeding method	第1代 First generation		第2代 Second generation		第3代 Third generation		小计 Total
育种方式 Breeding method	数量Number	%	数量Number	%	数量Number	%	数量Number	%
杂交 Cross breeding	98	37.40	44	16.79	3	1.15	145	55.34
芽变Bud sport breeding	86	32.82	19	7.25	0	0.00	105	40.08
实生 Seedling selection	10	3.82	0	0.00	0	0.00	10	3.82
诱变 Mutation breeding	1	0.38	1	0.38	0	0.00	2	0.76
小计 Total	195	74.43	64	24.43	3	1.15	262	100.00

原始品种来源 The sources of final ancestor	原始品种名称 Name of final ancestors	衍生出的第一代品种数 First generation number of apple variety
中国地方品种 Local varieties in China	东光 Dongguang	8
	鸡冠 Jiguan	3
	花红 Huahong	1
国外品种 Cultivated varieties of foreign Country	金冠 Golden Delicious	42
	富士 Fuji	37
	长富2号 Changfu 2	29
	特拉蒙 Telamon	15
	元帅 Delicious	14
	国光 Ralls	13
	红星 Starking Delicious	12
	红玉 Jonathan	11
	嘎拉 Gala	10
	皇家嘎拉 Royal Gala	7
	新红星Starkrimson Delicious	6
	惠 Megumi	6
	铃铛果 Lingdangguo	5
	美八 Meiba	5
	祝光 American Summer	5
国内外衍生品种 Derived varieties at home and abroad	秦冠 Qinguan	7
	华富 Huafu	5
	金红 Jinhong	5
	烟富3号 Yanfu 3	5
	华冠 Huaguan	4
	紫红1号（CSR6R6）Zihong 1	3
	寒富Hanfu	3
	玉华早富Yuhuazaofu	3
	辽伏Liaofu	3
	秋红Qiuhong	3

亲本来源国家 Country of parents	组合 Combination	数量 Number	百分率 Percentage (%)
相同Same	中国品种×中国品种 China varieties×China varieties	11	7.80
	外国品种×外国品种Foreign varieties×Foreign varieties	82	58.16
小计Total		93	65.96
不相同Different	中国品种×外国品种China varieties×Foreign varieties	21	14.89
	外国品种×中国品种Foreign varieties×China varieties	27	19.14
小计Total		48	34.04