中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (21): 4485-4496.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.016

• 园艺 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国育成苹果品种的系谱分析及其育种启示

董志丹1(),宋尚伟1(),宋春晖1,郑先波1,焦健1,王苗苗1,阎振立2,张瑞萍2,白团辉1()   

  1. 1河南农业大学园艺学院,郑州 450002
    2中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-19 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2020-11-01 发布日期:2020-11-11
  • 通讯作者: 白团辉
  • 作者简介:董志丹,E-mail:zhidandong@163.com|宋尚伟,E-mail:songshw95@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2018YFD1000300);国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1000100);国家自然科学基金(31872058);河南省高等学校青年骨干教师培养计划(2018GGJS029);河南省大宗水果产业技术体系(Z2014-11-03)

Pedigree Analysis and Breeding Inspiration of Apple Cultivars in China

DONG ZhiDan1(),SONG ShangWei1(),SONG ChunHui1,ZHENG XianBo1,JIAO Jian1,WANG MiaoMiao1,YAN ZhenLi2,ZHANG RuiPing2,BAI TuanHui1()   

  1. 1College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002
    2Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009
  • Received:2020-05-19 Accepted:2020-08-19 Online:2020-11-01 Published:2020-11-11
  • Contact: TuanHui BAI

摘要:

本文系统收集并分析了1951—2019年我国报道育成的273个苹果品种(不含砧木)的资料,对这些苹果品种的亲本组成及亲本选配特点和规律进行分析,绘制以主要品种为亲本育成品种的系谱图,以全面总结新中国成立70年来我国苹果的育种成果。在我国选育的273个苹果品种中,通过杂交获得的品种最多(145个,53.11%),其次是芽变品种(111个,40.65%),实生选育品种(15个,5.50%)和诱变品种(2个,0.73%)。根据品种特性分类,育成苹果品种中,红皮品种最多(240个,占87.91%),其次是绿皮品种(19个,6.96%)和黄皮品种(14个,5.13%)。大果(≥200 g)、中果(100—200 g)和小果(≤100 g的小果)品种分别占57.14%、35.53%和7.73%。果实成熟期早、中和晚熟品种分别占24.54%、32.97%和42.49%。273个育成的苹果品种中,有耐贮品种(83个,30.40%)、抗寒品种(78个,28.57%)、短枝型品种(34个,12.45%)、柱型品种(8个,2.93%)和红肉品种(4个,1.47%)。分析亲本来源明确的262个品种,表明这些品种由103个亲本育成,包括3个国内地方品种,63个国外引进品种和37个衍生品种。通过系谱分析发现,苹果骨干亲本为‘富士’‘金冠’‘元帅’和‘嘎啦’,分别衍生104、64、36和24个品种。杂交和芽变是选育苹果品种的主要途径,亲本性状优良或不同地理来源的亲本组合更容易选育出优良品种。在此基础上,剖析我苹果育种中存在的问题,并对生物技术在系谱分析上的应用进行展望。本文为制定苹果育种计划和亲本的选配提供了有益借鉴。

关键词: 苹果, 育成品种, 系谱分析, 亲本选配, 骨干亲本

Abstract:

In order to comprehensively summarize the apple breeding achievements in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the information on the parent composition, parent selection and characteristics of 273 apple cultivars (excluding rootstock) in China from 1951 to 2019 were collected and systematically analyzed, and the pedigree diagram of these cultivars was drawn. Among 273 apple cultivars, most were obtained by hybridization (145, 53.11%), followed by bud sports (111, 40.65%), seedling selection (15, 5.50%) and mutation (2, 0.73%). According to the skin color, the cultivars with red skin were the most (240, 87.91%), the number of green and yellow skin were 19 (6.96%) and 14 (5.13%), respectively. According to the average fruit mass, the percentages of big size (≥200 g), middle size (100-200 g) and small size (≥100 g) fruits were 57.14%, 35.53% and 7.73%, respectively. The percentages of the early, middle and late maturity were 24.54%, 32.97% and 42.49%, respectively. Among the 273 apple cultivars, 83 (30.40%) were long-storage, 78 (28.57%) cold-resistant, 34 (12.45%) spur-type, 8 (2.93%) columnar and 4 (1.47%) red-flesh cultivars. 262 apple cultivars with known parents were bred from 103 parents, including 3 local, 63 abroad and 37 derived cultivars. Pedigree analysis revealed that Fuji, Golden Delicious, Delicious and Gala were backbone parents used for apple breeding, with 104, 64, 36 and 24 cultivars, respectively. Hybridization and bud mutation were the main methods to apple breeding and the combinations with both parents from different geographical area or having great botanical characteristic difference always had strong heterosis. On the basis of these, the problems in apple breeding were analyzed, and the application of biotechnology in pedigree analysis was also prospected. This paper provided a useful reference for making the breeding plan and selecting parents of apple in the future.

Key words: apple, released variety, pedigree analysis, parental selection, backbone parents