有机肥对羊草草原土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 以呼伦贝尔天然羊草草原退化打草场为研究对象,揭示不同有机肥处理对土壤养分状况和土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,为羊草草原的改良、恢复及合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】 田间试验采用单因素随机区组设计,共7个处理分别为:对照（ck）,蚯蚓粪15 t·hm^-2（a1）、30 t·hm^-2（a2）、45 t·hm^-2（a3）,菌渣15 t·hm^-2（b1）、30 t·hm^-2（b2）、45 t·hm^-2（b3）。本研究采用 Miseq高通量测序技术,分析不同有机肥处理对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响机制。同时结合土壤化学性质,探究不同有机肥处理下细菌群落变化的环境驱动因子。【结果】 不同有机肥处理可以改善土壤养分状况并形成明显的细菌群落。a3处理的土壤有效磷含量较对照显著增加37.3%。b3和a3处理土壤有效钾含量较对照显著增加62.99%和40.53%。b3处理下的地上生物量显著高于其他处理（244.11 g·m^-2）。此外,施蚯蚓粪和菌渣显著增加了土壤中细菌群落的丰富度。与ck相比,a1和b2处理下丰富度指数显著增加。在门水平上,21个样品共获得31个类群。其中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为优势类群,相对丰度共占细菌群落的85%以上。a2处理的放线菌最为丰富（36.79%）。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在b1和b3处理中含量较高（23.29%,22.32%）。酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）在a1处理中最高（20.69%）。而LEfSe表明在b3处理下检测到更多的细菌分类群（17个进化枝,1个纲,1个目,4个科和11个属）。另外,土壤有效氮（P=0.001）、有效钾（P=0.005）和有机质（P=0.006）对土壤中的细菌群落组成有极显著的影响（P<0.01）,全钾（P=0.014）对土壤细菌群落组成有显著影响（P<0.05）。说明有效氮、有效钾、有机质和全钾是细菌群落的主要驱动因素。【结论】 有机肥在羊草草原的应用改变了土壤细菌群落结构。蚯蚓粪和菌渣在45 t·hm^-2施肥量情况下提高了速效养分含量,也提高了羊草草原土壤细菌群落的生物多样性,有利于草地农业生态系统的可持续发展。

关键词: 有机肥, 土壤养分, 土壤细菌群落, 羊草草原

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide a practical and scientific basis for improvement, restoration and reasonable use of degraded grassland, the effects of different organic fertilizers on soil nutrient status and soil bacterial diversity were revealed in the natural Leymus chinensis steppe degraded grassland in Hulunbeier. 【Method】 The field experiments were designed by single factor randomized block design, and the seven treatments were as follows: the control (ck), vermicompost 15 t·hm^-2(a1), 30 t·hm^-2(a2), 45 t·hm^-2(a3), mushroom residues 15 t·hm^-2(b1), 30 t·hm^-2(b2), 45 t·hm^-2(b3). Combined with the physical and chemical properties of soil, this study used the high-throughput sequencing technology of Miseq to analyze the effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on the diversity of soil bacterial communities, and to explore the environmental drivers of bacterial community changes under different organic fertilizer treatments. 【Result】 The results showed that organic fertilization improved the soil nutrient status and shaped the distinct bacterial communities. Compared with ck, the AP content increased significantly by 37.27% under a3 treatment. AK content under b3 and a3 treatments increased significantly by 62.99% and 40.53% compared with the control, respectively. And aboveground biomass was significantly higher than other treatments under b3 treatment (244.11 g·m^-2). Moreover, vermincompost and mushroom residues fertilizers significantly increased the richness of the bacterial community. Compared with ck, the richness index increased significantly under a1 and b2 treatments. At the phylum level, a total of 31 taxa were obtained from 21 samples. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi were the dominant groups, and relative abundances account for the bacterial community 85% or more. Actinomycetes were the most abundant under a2 treatment (36.79%). Proteobacteria was higher under b1 and b3 treatments (23.29% and 22.32%, resptectively). Acidobacteria was the highest under a1 treatment (20.69%). And LEfSe showed that more bacterial taxonomic groups were detected under b3 treatment (17 clades, 1 class, 1 order, 4 families and 11 genera). In addition, AN (P=0.001), AK (P=0.005), and SOM (P=0.006) had extremely significant effects on the composition of bacterial communities in the soil (P<0.01), while TK (P=0.014) had not. The composition of soil bacterial community had a significant effect (P<0.05). It showed that AN, AK, SOM and TK were the main driving factors of bacterial community. 【Conclusion】 Organic fertilizer changed the soil bacterial community structure in Leymus chinensis steppe. Our results indicated vermicompost and mushroom residues at 45 t·hm^-2 increased available nutrient content, but also enhanced the biodiversity of soil bacterial communities in the grasslands of Leymus chinensis, which contributed to the sustainable development of grassland agro-ecosystems.

Key words: organic fertilizer, soil nutrient, soil bacterial community, Leymus chinensis steppe

商丽荣,万里强,李向林. 有机肥对羊草草原土壤细菌群落多样性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(13): 2614-2624.

SHANG LiRong,WAN LiQiang,LI XiangLin. Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacterial Community Diversity in Leymus chinensis Steppe[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(13): 2614-2624.

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处理 Treatment	pH	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	全钾 TK (g·kg^-1)	有效氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	有效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	生物量 DM (g·m^-2)
ck	6.28±0.10b	2.51±0.25a	0.66±0.12a	31.85±0.61a	172.84±10.24a	7.43±0.94b	179.42±31.01c	55.48±0.90a	172.8±10.68c
a1	6.31±0.02b	2.52±0.30a	0.68±0.10a	32.64±1.44a	175.90±11.67a	8.89±1.39b	209.19±55.79bc	52.15±6.19a	198.38±14.94bc
a2	6.51±0.11b	2.26±0.12a	0.69±0.21a	31.96±0.84a	167.76±3.12a	8.34±1.29b	195.03±32.10bc	50.32±5.18a	180.91±2.90bc
a3	7.02±0.54a	2.47±0.08a	0.73±0.20a	33.12±0.71a	184.54±15.22a	10.20±0.15a	252.14±4.68ab	55.40±5.49a	214.27±5.26bc
b1	6.21±0.08b	2.56±0.28a	0.74±0.26a	32.18±0.51a	183.70±3.66a	9.06±1.87b	250.67±12.13ab	55.75±1.76a	191.49±1.99ab
b2	6.14±0.12b	2.10±0.07a	0.58±0.04a	31.84±0.56a	169.34±6.80a	8.18±0.48b	220.20±23.32bc	48.31±5.60a	219.78±10.73ab
b3	6.17±0.20b	2.40±0.26a	0.55±0.01a	32.59±0.88a	187.96±5.60a	8.84±0.31b	292.44±20.67a	55.78±4.43a	244.11±13.59a

处理 Treatment	序列数 Reads	操作分类单元 Observed OTU	香农指数 Shannon index	Ace指数 Ace index	覆盖度 Coverage
ck	35708	2272.67±52.80b	6.43±0.06a	2703.45±53.03b	0.9849±0.0002a
a1	35708	2411.00±15.80ab	6.53±0.01a	2894.58±19.41a	0.9837±0.0002a
a2	35708	2396.00±39.38ab	6.47±0.03a	2848.59±58.42ab	0.9841±0.0009a
a3	35708	2301.67±18.31ab	6.39±0.02a	2755.35±23.34ab	0.9843±0.0003a
b1	35708	2303.67±72.76ab	6.38±0.07a	2791.93±88.16ab	0.9838±0.0009a
b2	35708	2436.00±1.70a	6.51±0.02a	2898.92±18.63a	0.9838±0.0004a
b3	35708	2372.00±54.95ab	6.45±0.06a	2839.53±76.17ab	0.9839±0.0011a

环境因子Environmental factor	r	P
全氮TN	0.1248	0.315
全磷TP	0.2754	0.050
全钾TK	0.4301	0.017
有效氮AN	0.6618	0.001
有效磷AP	0.2268	0.108
有效钾AK	0.5749	0.004
有机质SOM	0.5893	0.004