玉米籽粒形成的分子生物学基础

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

玉米单穗籽粒产量由穗粒数和粒重两因子组成。单个果穗上所着生的籽粒数与雌花序建成和小花分化密切相关,因此,控制花序形态建成和小花发育的基因可能直接或间接地参与穗粒数调控。玉米成熟籽粒主要由源于母本组织的种皮和经双受精产生的胚和胚乳组成,且胚和胚乳占成熟籽粒的绝大部分,直接影响粒重。文中主要从“CLAVATA（CLV）-WUSCHEL（WUS）负反馈调控途径、激素及其信号途径、花器官发育和小花性别决定”等方面总结了花序和小花发育相关基因及其与穗粒数的关系,描述了CLV-WUS途径中各基因在玉米雌花序上特异性表达的分生组织和基因间的调控关系,总结了生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素和独脚金内酯等植物激素的相互作用网络,以及已克隆的玉米花器官发育相关基因及其功能。从“线粒体基因转录本的加工和编辑、质体基因的转录和翻译及细胞核RNA转录与加工”3个方面总结了已克隆的影响胚和胚乳发育的相关基因,其中,大部分基因编码线粒体或质体定位的PPR蛋白。值得关注的是,近年来,研究发现了通过调节细胞核内RNA转录和加工而影响玉米籽粒发育的新途径。文章作者在基因水平上对玉米籽粒形成的分子生物学基础进行了简要总结,为进一步深入解析玉米产量形成的分子调控网络提供参考。同时,也就该研究领域今后可能的研究方向进行了讨论。

关键词: 玉米, 穗粒数, 粒重, 花序, 小花, 胚, 胚乳

Abstract:

Grain yield per ear of maize (Zea mays L.) is composed of both kernel number and grain weight. The number of kernels on an ear is determined by not only the number of kernel rows which is closely related to the inflorescence development, but also the number of fertile florets generated by the flower meristem. Therefore, those genes for inflorescence architecture and flower development are potentially involved in the genetic control of kernel number. Maize kernel is a single-seeded fruit comprised of the maternally derived pericarp, and embryo and endosperm derived from double fertilization. Both embryo and endosperm account for the vast majority of the mature kernel mass, and directly determine the kernel size and weight. In this paper, we outlined the genetic controls of kernel number with the emphasis on the inflorescence and floret related genes that are involved in the CLAVATA- WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) feedback loop, hormone biosynthesis and signaling, floral organ development and sex determination. In particular, we described the regulatory network models for interplays among phytohormones including auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin and strigolactone in the inflorescence architecture and floral organ development. We also summarized those embryo and endosperm developmental genes involving in processing and editing of mitochondrial transcripts, transcription and translation of some chloroplast DNAs as well as nuclear RNAs. Most of these genes encode PPR proteins targeted to mitochondria or plastids. Recently, several studies have identified a new pathway to control kernel development by regulating the transcription and processing of pre-mRNA within the nucleus. Here, we also discussed the association between these genes and kernel number or kernel weight, and the potential areas of research for deciphering molecular mechanisms of grain yield in maize.

Key words: Zea mays L., kernel number per ear, kernel weight, inflorescence, floret, embryo, endosperm

赵然,蔡曼君,杜艳芳,张祖新. 玉米籽粒形成的分子生物学基础[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20): 3495-3506.

Ran ZHAO,ManJun CAI,YanFang DU,ZuXin ZHANG. Molecular Basis of Kernel Development and Kernel Number in Maize (Zea mays L.)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20): 3495-3506.

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