氮素穗肥对南方香粳稻南粳9108产量、品质和香气的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.12.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】氮素穗肥是影响水稻产量与品质的关键因素之一，研究氮素穗肥对南方香粳稻产量、品质与香气的影响，拟为南方香粳稻优质丰产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2022—2023年进行，以南方香粳稻代表品种南粳9108为材料，设置不施氮肥（N0）、仅施基蘖肥（N1）和常规施用穗肥（N2，施用70%基蘖肥+30%穗肥）3种施氮模式，分别在不同叶龄时期倒六叶、倒五叶、倒四叶、倒三叶、倒二叶和倒一叶期叶尖刚抽出叶鞘时一次性施用穗肥，依次记为L6、L5、L4、L3、L2和L1，研究氮素穗肥对南粳9108产量、品质和香气的协同调控机制。【结果】与不施氮肥和不施穗肥相比，施用穗肥可显著增加香粳稻单位面积穗数与每穗粒数，从而提高产量；随着穗肥施用时期的后移，产量呈先增后降趋势，在倒四叶处理达到最大值。穗肥施用及施用时期会对香粳稻加工、外观、食味与香气品质产生影响。随着穗肥施用时期的后移，南粳9108整精米率呈现上升趋势，但垩白度升高，外观品质变劣；同时直链淀粉含量降低，蛋白质含量升高，导致食味值下降，食味品质降低。稻米香气主成分2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉（2-AP）含量也随着穗肥施用期的后移而降低。施用穗肥使籽粒脯氨酸含量与脯氨酸脱氢酶活性显著提高；穗肥施用时期的前移，对于水稻结实期脯氨酸积累具有显著的促进作用，脯氨酸脱氢酶活性也随之升高，有利于成熟期籽粒中保持较高的脯氨酸含量与脯氨酸脱氢酶活性，进而促进水稻籽粒中2-AP的合成。基于实产、整精米率、垩白度、食味值与籽粒2-AP含量等指标综合评价穗肥施用时期的影响，发现倒四叶处理综合评分最高。【结论】本试验条件下，施用穗肥有助于实现南方香粳稻产量、品质协同提升，在保证稳产的基础上，倒四叶期时施用穗肥，南方香粳稻产量、食味和香气等综合效益最佳。

关键词: 氮素穗肥, 香粳稻, 产量, 品质, 香气

Abstract:

【Objective】Nitrogen panicle fertilizer is one of the key factors affecting rice yield and quality. Studying its impact on the yield, quality, and aroma of aromatic japonica rice in southern China could provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of southern japonica rice. 【Method】 Conducted from 2022 to 2023, this study used Nanjing 9108, a representative variety of aromatic japonica rice in southern China, as the material, and three nitrogen application modes were set up: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), no panicle fertilizer (N1), and conventional application of panicle fertilizer (N2, with 70% base and tillering fertilizer + 30% panicle fertilizer). In addition, the experiment of applying ear fertilizer at different leaf age stages, including the top sixth leaf, fifth leaf, fourth leaf, third leaf, second leaf and first leaf just after emerging from the sheath (designated as L6, L5, L4, L3, L2, and L1), was conducted to study the synergistic regulation mechanism of nitrogen panicle fertilizer on yield, quality, and aroma of Nanjing 9108.【Result】Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer application and no panicle fertilizer application, the application of panicle fertilizer could significantly increase the effective panicle number per unit area and grains per panicle of aromatic japonica rice, thereby enhancing its yield. As the period of panicle fertilizer application was delayed, the yield first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top (counted downwards from the flag leaf). The application of panicle fertilizer improved rice processing quality, appearance quality, and aroma quality. The period of panicle fertilizer application had an impact on these qualities of aromatic japonica rice. With the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application, the milled rice rate of Nanjing 9108 showed an increasing trend, but the chalkiness degree increased, leading to a deterioration in appearance quality. Simultaneously, the amylose content decreased while the protein content increased, resulting in a decline in taste value and eating quality. The content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), as the main component of aroma, also decreased with the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application. The application of panicle fertilizer significantly increased the proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains. Advancing the period of panicle fertilizer application had a significant promoting effect on proline accumulation during the rice filling stage, and proline dehydrogenase activity also increased, which was conducive to maintaining higher proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains during the maturity stage, thereby promoting the synthesis of 2-AP in rice grains. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of panicle fertilizer application period using indicators, such as actual yield, milled rice rate, chalkiness degree, taste value, and grain 2-AP content, it was found that the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top had the highest comprehensive score. 【Conclusion】Under the experimental conditions of this study, the application of panicle fertilizer contributed to the synergistic improvement of yield and quality. On the basis of ensuring stable yield, the application of panicle fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top achieved the best overall benefits in terms of yield, taste, and aroma.

Key words: nitrogen panicle fertilizer, fragrant japonica rice, yield, quality, aroma

王睿智, 李涛, 钱相玲, 张丫, 杨晓琢, 李光彦, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 刘国栋. 氮素穗肥对南方香粳稻南粳9108产量、品质和香气的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(12): 2316-2332.

WANG RuiZhi, LI Tao, QIAN XiangLing, ZHANG Ya, YANG XiaoZhuo, LI GuangYan, WEI HaiYan, ZHANG HongCheng, LIU GuoDong. Effects of Nitrogen Panicle Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Aroma of Southern Japonica Rice Nanjing 9108[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(12): 2316-2332.

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处理 Treatment		总施氮量 Total nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	施氮量Nitrogen application			施穗肥倒数叶龄数Reciprocal leaf age of panicle fertilizer
处理 Treatment		总施氮量 Total nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tiller fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥 Panicle fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	施穗肥倒数叶龄数Reciprocal leaf age of panicle fertilizer
氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	0	0	0	0	-
	N1	189	94.5	94.5	0	-
	N2	270	94.5	94.5	81	4
穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	270	94.5	94.5	81	6
	L5	270	94.5	94.5	81	5
	L4	270	94.5	94.5	81	4
	L3	270	94.5	94.5	81	3
	L2	270	94.5	94.5	81	2
	L1	270	94.5	94.5	81	1

水稻产量品质香气综合评价指标 Comprehensive evaluation indexes of rice yield, quality and aroma (Z)	产量 Yield（C1）	品质 Quality（C2）	香气 Aroma（C3）
产量Yield（C1）	1	1	3
品质Quality（C2）	1	1	3
香气Aroma（C3）	1/3	1/3	1

品质 Quality（C2）	整精米率 Head rice rate（X2）	垩白度 Chalkiness degree（X3）	食味值 Taste value（X4）
整精米率Head rice rate（X2）	1	1/3	1/5
垩白度Chalkiness degree（X3）	3	1	1/3
食味值Taste value（X4）	5	3	1

层次C对最高层Z Level C corresponds to the highest level Z	产量 Yield	品质 Quality			香气 Aroma
层次C对最高层Z Level C corresponds to the highest level Z	0.429	0.429			0.143
层次X对中间层C Level X corresponds to the middle level C	实产 Yield	整精米率 Head rice rate	垩白度 Chalkiness degree	食味值 Taste value	2-AP含量 2-AP content
层次X对中间层C Level X corresponds to the middle level C	1.000	0.106	0.260	0.633	1.000
层次X对最高层Z Level X corresponds to the highest level Z	0.429	0.045	0.111	0.272	0.143

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	结实率 Filled grain percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2022	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	225.85±5.87c	105.16±0.23c	96.01±0.70a	26.83±0.04a	6.12±0.18c
		N1	305.04±12.15b	109.21±0.29b	95.13±0.18b	25.78±0.04b	8.17±0.03b
		N2	340.89±7.70a	137.06±4.08a	93.44±6.68c	25.08±0.31c	10.95±0.34a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	344.94±5.79a	118.99±0.81e	92.54±0.58f	24.82±0.02e	9.43±0.33e
		L5	342.65±1.83b	120.08±1.09d	93.08±1.08e	24.98±0.04d	9.57±0.53d
		L4	340.89±7.70a	137.06±4.08a	93.44±6.68c	25.08±0.31c	10.95±0.34a
		L3	338.95±2.84c	132.27±3.56b	94.03±3.56c	25.38±0.22b	10.70±0.16b
		L2	329.89±7.90d	126.33±1.82c	94.49±1.81b	25.43±0.39b	10.01±0.68c
		L1	319.41±11.86e	125.98±7.94c	95.06±0.79a	25.51±0.65a	9.76±0.45d
2023	氮素穗肥 Nitrogen panicle fertilizer	N0	215.29±5.89c	112.67±3.77b	94.73±0.06a	26.31±0.01a	5.46±0.14c
		N1	290.29±1.96b	120.08±2.24a	92.69±0.38a	26.09±0.01a	8.17±0.07b
		N2	328.54±6.62a	146.4±1.7a	91.78±0.05b	24.58±0.07b	10.59±0.02a
	穗肥施用时期 Panicle fertilizer application period	L6	343.65±0.98a	125.91±0.64d	91.65±0.66a	23.67±0.13f	9.3±0.03d
		L5	339.08±0.29b	128.00±1.09d	91.90±0.95a	23.77±0.06e	9.59±0.01c
		L4	328.54±6.62b	146.40±1.70a	91.78±0.05a	24.58±0.07d	10.59±0.02a
		L3	317.70±4.82c	141.43±2.16b	92.02±0.08a	24.71±0.06c	10.18±0.02b
		L2	306.86±2.43d	134.92±0.67c	92.35±0.20a	25.29±0.06b	9.66±0.02c
		L1	305.29±0.54d	128.64±1.29d	92.49±0.63a	25.40±0.03a	8.97±0.18e
方差分析 ANOVA		产量 Yield	**	**	**	**	**
		处理Treatment	**	**	**	**	**
		产量×处理 Yield×Treatment	**	*	*	**	**