秸秆覆盖与施氮对丘陵旱地小麦根系构型改善及H+、NO3-吸收与利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究西南丘陵旱地小麦、玉米轮作系统中秸秆覆盖后小麦根系构型与根尖氮素转运的过程，阐明秸秆覆盖与施氮促进小麦氮素高效吸收利用的生理基础。【方法】试验于2020—2022年在四川仁寿现代农业试验站进行，采用原位土柱试验与大田定位试验相结合，试验设计为二因素裂区试验，秸秆覆盖（SM：秸秆覆盖；NSM：秸秆不覆盖）为主区，副区为施氮量（N0：0；N1：120 kg·hm^-2）。针对西南丘陵旱地土壤干旱抑制根系伸长、导致小麦生物量和养分利用效率低的现状，分析秸秆覆盖和氮素对土壤理化性状、小麦根系构型、根尖氮吸收、植株生物量和地上部氮素积累与利用的影响。【结果】2020—2021年度和2021—2022年度秸秆覆盖处理较不覆盖处理土壤硝态氮含量分别增加43.1%和30.8%，铵态氮增加21.8%和18.8%；秸秆覆盖提高了小麦拔节期、孕穗期和开花期0—10 cm土层的根长、根表面积和根体积，且施氮也显著增加0—10 cm土层根长、根表面积和根体积。同时秸秆覆盖与施氮均可显著提高小麦根尖H⁺、NO₃^-的吸收速率和净吸收速率，降低0—20 cm土层根尖的H⁺外排速率；秸秆覆盖与施氮显著提高根系硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性，且地上部氮素积累量和生物量两年度分别平均提高25.8%和35.8%。H⁺吸收速率、NO₃^-吸收速率、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、氮素积累量与0—10 cm土层根长、根表面积和根体积呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】在西南丘陵旱地小麦、玉米轮作系统中，玉米秸秆覆盖与施氮能够增加小麦季土壤无机氮含量，表层根系分布和根尖H⁺、NO₃^-吸收速率，促进氮素吸收与根尖氮素转运进而促进地上部氮素同化与积累；秸秆覆盖配合120 kg N·hm^-2是适用于四川丘陵旱地小麦高产、氮素高效利用的绿色生产模式。

关键词: 冬小麦, 秸秆覆盖, 根系构型, 根尖氮转运, 氮素吸收与利用

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to further study the root architecture and root tip nitrogen transport process of wheat after straw mulching in the wheat-maize rotation system in the dry land of southwest China, and to elucidate the physiological basis of straw mulching and nitrogen application to promote the efficient absorption and utilization of wheat nitrogen.【Method】The experiment was a two-factor split plot experiment of straw mulching (SM: straw mulching; NSM: no straw mulching) and nitrogen application (N0: 0; N1: 120 kg·hm^-2), which was conducted at Sichuan Renshou Modern Agricultural Test Station from 2020-2022. The effects of straw mulching and nitrogen application on soil physicochemical properties, wheat root architecture, nitrogen absorption in root tips, plant biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation and utilization were analyzed according to the current situation that soil drought inhibited root elongation in dry land of southwest hills, resulting in low wheat biomass and nutrient use efficiency.【Result】The soil nitrate nitrogen content of straw mulching treatment increased by 43.1% and 30.8%, and the ammonium nitrogen content increased by 21.8% and 18.8%, respectively, in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 compared with the no straw mulching treatment. Straw mulching increased the root length, root surface area, and root volume of the 0-10 cm soil layer at jointing stage, booting stage and anthesis stage of wheat, and nitrogen application significantly increased the 0-10 cm soil root length, root surface area and root volume. In addition, straw mulching and nitrogen application could significantly increase the absorption rate and net absorption rate of H⁺and NO₃^- at the root tips of wheat, and reduce the H⁺ efflux rate at the root tips of 0-20 cm soil layer. Straw mulching and nitrogen application significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in roots, and the nitrogen accumulation and biomass in the aboveground part of wheat increased by 25.8% and 35.8% on average, respectively, in two years. H⁺ absorption rate, NO₃^- absorption rate, nitrate reductase activity, glutamine synthetase activity, and nitrogen accumulation were positively correlated with root length, root surface area and root volume of 0-10 cm soil layer (P<0.05).【Conclusion】In the southwest hilly dry land wheat-maize rotation system, maize straw mulching and nitrogen application can increase the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil during the wheat season, the root distribution in the soil surface and the absorption rate of H⁺ and NO₃^-at the root tips, promote nitrogen uptake and root tip nitrogen transport, and then promote aboveground nitrogen assimilation and accumulation; Under the conditions of this experiment, straw mulching combined with 120 kg N·hm^-2 is a green production mode suitable for high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency in Sichuan hilly dry land.

Key words: winter wheat, straw mulching, root architecture, nitrogen flux in root tip, nitrogen uptake and utilization

艾代龙, 雷芳, 邹乔生, 贺鹏, 杨洪坤, 樊高琼. 秸秆覆盖与施氮对丘陵旱地小麦根系构型改善及H⁺、NO₃^-吸收与利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(21): 4192-4207.

AI DaiLong, LEI Fang, ZOU QiaoSheng, HE Peng, YANG HongKun, FAN GaoQiong. Effects of Straw Mulching and Nitrogen Application on the Improvement of Wheat Root Architecture and the Absorption and Utilization of H⁺ and NO₃^- in Hilly Dry Land[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(21): 4192-4207.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2023/V56/I21/4192

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秸秆覆盖与施氮对植株生物量和氮素积累量的影响"

年份 Year	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	氮水平 Nitrogen level	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)			根系生物量 Root biomass (g)			植株氮素积累量 Plant nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Year	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	氮水平 Nitrogen level	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2020-2021	NSM	N0	0.29±0.05b	3.75±0.06b	5.37±0.07b	0.50±0.01b	0.81±0.07b	0.65±0.04b	0.57±0.09b	2.17±0.14b	2.58±0.19b
		N1	0.52±0.02a	4.50±0.34a	6.38±0.29a	0.57±0.02a	1.36±0.03a	1.08±0.10a	1.36±0.07a	3.08±0.08a	4.35±0.18a
		均值Mean	0.41	4.13	5.88	0.54	1.09	0.87	0.96	2.63	3.46
	SM	N0	0.44±0.03b	4.47±0.41b	6.01±0.08b	0.68±0.05b	1.06±0.04b	0.78±0.07b	0.79±0.09b	2.46±0.16b	3.21±0.04b
		N1	0.82±0.01a	5.61±0.23a	8.26±0.28a	0.77±0.01a	1.63±0.10a	1.17±0.03a	1.99±0.17a	4.22±0.17a	4.98±0.26a
		均值Mean	0.63	5.04	7.14	0.73	1.35	0.98	1.39	3.34	4.09
	F值F value S		945.05**	37.31*	1221.23**	224.27**	454.45**	12.69	54.5*	380**	25.3*
	F值F value N		247.12**	33.75**	204.29**	20.82*	526.72**	68.25**	351**	141**	225**
	S×N		16.82*	1.46	29.24**	0.35	0.05	0.18	15.3*	14.2*	0.03ns
2021-2022	NSM	N0	0.34±0.01b	2.80±0.08b	4.64±0.06b	0.74±0.03b	1.28±0.05b	0.96±0.05b	0.82±0.02b	3.18±0.30b	5.06±0.48b
		N1	0.73±0.01a	3.57±0.08a	5.68±0.10a	1.11±0.06a	1.82±0.01a	1.14±0.12a	1.96±0.13a	4.74±0.09a	6.80±0.27a
		均值Mean	0.54	3.19	5.16	0.93	1.55	1.05	1.39	3.96	5.93
	SM	N0	0.38±0.04b	3.04±0.05b	5.98±0.06b	0.86±0.02b	1.42±0.08b	1.65±0.24b	1.05±0.09b	3.46±0.22b	6.06±0.03b
		N1	0.82±0.04a	3.84±0.03a	7.38±0.24a	1.41±0.06a	2.42±0.27a	2.75±0.14a	2.34±0.17a	5.65±0.46a	8.11±0.38a
		均值Mean	0.60	3.44	6.67	1.13	1.92	2.20	1.69	4.55	7.09
	F值F value S		33.23*	25.14*	231.24**	83.25*	17.07	272.06**	91.0*	8.63ns	93.3*
	F值F value N		440.14**	477.08**	290.41**	192.40**	78.47**	76.69**	210**	112**	70.7**
	S×N		1.8	0.17	6.46	7.17	6.99	38.96**	0.84ns	3.16ns	0.49ns

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2020-2021	7.83	17.6	1.01	76.8	7.06	143
2021-2022	7.77	19.1	1.08	85.1	7.23	139

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		0—20 cm土层硝态氮含量 Nitrate nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)			20—40 cm土层硝态氮含量 Nitrate nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2020-2021	NSM	N0	6.17±0.45b	3.89±0.08b	3.59±0.35b	5.57±0.50b	3.84±0.11b	3.56±0.14b
		N1	14.50±1.30a	10.20±0.17a	7.93±0.32a	9.21±1.11a	6.16±0.11a	5.43±0.22a
		均值Mean	10.30	7.05	5.76	7.39	5.00	4.49
	SM	N0	8.58±0.71b	7.36±0.37b	3.07±0.29b	8.02±0.54a	5.67±0.60a	5.13±0.08b
		N1	16.80±0.35a	12.80±0.76a	8.16±0.63a	10.70±0.65a	11.20±0.62a	6.88±0.37a
		均值Mean	12.70	10.00	5.61	9.36	8.43	6.01
	F值F value S		41.9*	149**	1.01ns	6.49ns	84.4*	194**
	F值F value N		246**	1869**	433**	219**	2722**	192**
	S×N		0.15 ns	9.05*	2.71 ns	4.45ns	447**	0.21ns
2021-2022	NSM	N0	7.24±0.95b	6.14±1.24b	5.45±0.07b	6.69±0.60b	7.20±0.45b	4.28±0.18b
		N1	17.20±2.39a	15.40±0.66a	11.00±0.15a	11.00±1.33a	9.48±1.13a	9.03±1.57a
		均值Mean	12.20	10.70	8.22	8.84	8.34	6.55
	SM	N0	10.70±1.23b	10.30±0.83b	6.04±0.06b	9.62±0.64b	11.00±1.16b	4.62±1.47b
		N1	17.60±1.52a	17.60±0.48a	12.30±0.16a	12.90±0.79a	15.50±1.29a	7.92±0.50a
		均值Mean	14.20	13.90	9.17	11.30	13.30	6.27
	F值F value S		21.5*	258**	9.81ns	6.46ns	21.1*	4.31ns
	F值F value N		159**	108**	328**	217**	65.6**	63.5**
	S×N		5.26ns	2.77ns	7.40ns	4.30ns	6.31ns	6.03ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		0—20 cm土层铵态氮含量 Ammonium nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)			20—40 cm土层铵态氮含量 Ammonium nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
2020-2021	NSM	N0	3.66±0.48b	4.99±0.38b	3.69±0.10b	2.78±0.24b	2.96±0.20b	2.22±0.41b
		N1	5.28±0.36a	7.09±0.82a	5.01±0.44a	4.60±0.56a	3.64±0.26a	3.56±0.12a
		均值Mean	4.47	6.04	4.35	3.69	3.30	2.89
	SM	N0	3.97±0.38b	5.72±0.12b	3.70±0.20b	4.00±0.26b	3.38±0.16b	2.06±0.20b
		N1	5.26±0.38a	8.79±0.60a	5.21±0.10a	5.38±0.32a	3.98±0.12a	2.96±0.28a
		均值Mean	4.62	7.26	4.45	4.69	3.68	2.51
	F值F value S		0.63ns	56.5*	3.98ns	6.48ns	14.3ns	8.75ns
	F值F value N		38.7**	72.1**	84.7**	214**	30.3**	55.1**
	S×N		0.55ns	2.59ns	0.38ns	4.35ns	0.10ns	4.86ns
2021-2022	NSM	N0	4.39±0.58b	5.62±0.16b	2.03±0.05b	3.45±0.12b	2.20±0.42a	1.11±0.10b
		N1	6.34±0.43a	8.02±0.22a	3.64±0.06a	4.38±0.16a	2.75±0.16a	1.99±0.11a
		均值Mean	5.37	6.82	2.84	3.91	2.48	1.55
	SM	N0	4.77±0.47b	7.24±0.10b	4.11±0.01b	4.04±0.10b	2.56±0.23b	1.25±0.22b
		N1	6.72±0.46a	10.90±0.13a	5.43±0.03a	4.78±0.06a	3.26±0.20a	1.64±0.17a
		均值Mean	5.75	9.07	4.77	4.41	2.91	1.44
	F值F value S		0.66ns	286**	180**	15.3ns	77.1*	4.36ns
	F值F value N		38.0**	268**	648**	32.4**	20.6*	56.1**
	S×N		0.50ns	9.48*	8.44*	0.11ns	1.32ns	0.85ns

秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	氮水平 Nitrogen level	硝酸还原酶NR (μg·g^-1·h^-1)			谷氨酰胺合成酶GS (μg·g^-1·h^-1)
秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	氮水平 Nitrogen level	拔节期 Jointing stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	开花期 Anthesis stage
NSM	N0	3.40±0.17b	3.45±0.12b	4.27±0.53b	15.06±0.29b	12.93±0.52b	12.37±0.67b
	N1	4.76±0.09a	5.03±0.13a	5.10±0.54a	19.82±1.58a	14.74±0.49a	15.90±2,29a
	均值Mean	4.08	4.25	4.68	17.44	13.83	14.13
SM	N0	4.42±0.28b	3.75±0.24b	4.24±0.41b	16.92±1.51b	14.60±0.37b	15.01±0.11a
	N1	4.99±0.37a	5.03±0.16a	5.51±0.39a	20.91±1.57a	17.00±0.75a	16.48±0.48a
	均值Mean	4.71	4.39	4.87	18.91	15.80	15.74
F值F value S		22.03*	3.24ns	57.9*	10.18ns	121.8**	4.79ns
F值F value N		161.5**	3611**	27.7**	18.89*	27.08**	11.90*
S×N		27.48**	38.31**	1.20ns	0.15ns	0.52ns	2.00ns

项目 Item		H⁺吸收 H⁺ absorption	NO₃^-吸收 NO₃^-absorption	硝酸还原酶 NR	谷氨酰胺合成酶 GS	氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation
根长 Root length	0-10 cm	0.86**	0.89**	0.29**	0.86**	0.87**
	10-20 cm	-0.64*	-0.47	0.35	0.07	-0.59*
	20-30 cm	0.03	-0.04	0.46	0.84**	0.14
	30-40 cm	0.05	-0.08	0.45	0.88**	0.11
根表面积 Root area	0-10 cm	0.93**	0.87**	0.42	0.91**	0.92**
	10-20 cm	0.32	0.59*	0.60*	0.42	0.35
	20-30 cm	0.66*	0.88**	0.39	0.79**	0.71*
	30-40 cm	0.78**	-0.85**	0.47	0.79**	0.73**
根体积 Root volume	0-10 cm	0.90**	0.79**	0.33	0.85**	0.92**
	10-20 cm	0.27	0.46	0.66**	0.27	0.17
	20-30 cm	0.64*	0.86*	0.51	0.80**	0.61*
	30-40 cm	0.67*	0.69*	0.48	0.64**	0.52

秸秆覆盖与施氮对丘陵旱地小麦根系构型改善及H⁺、NO₃^-吸收与利用的影响

Effects of Straw Mulching and Nitrogen Application on the Improvement of Wheat Root Architecture and the Absorption and Utilization of H⁺ and NO₃^- in Hilly Dry Land

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