刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (13): 2573-2583.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.006

• 草甸草原退化过程与机制 • 上一篇下一篇

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

闫瑞瑞¹,张宇¹,辛晓平¹(),卫智军²,乌仁其其格³,郭美兰⁴

¹中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,北京 100081
²内蒙古农业大学草原与资源环境学院,呼和浩特 010019
³呼伦贝尔学院/内蒙古自治区草甸草原生态系统与全球变化重点实验室,内蒙古海拉尔 021008
⁴集宁师范学院生命科学学院,内蒙古乌兰察布 012000

收稿日期:2019-09-07 接受日期:2019-12-20 出版日期:2020-07-01 发布日期:2020-07-16
通讯作者: 辛晓平
作者简介:闫瑞瑞,E-mail: yanruirui@caas.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500601);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132018022);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132018023);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132019031);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132019040);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-34-11)

Effects of Mowing Disturbance on Grassland Plant Functional Groups and Diversity in Leymus chinensis Meadow Steppe

YAN RuiRui¹,ZHANG Yu¹,XIN XiaoPing¹(),WEI ZhiJun²,Wuren qiqige³,GUO MeiLan⁴

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, Beijing 100081
² College of Grassland and Resources Environmental, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019
³Hulunber College/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Meadow Grassland Ecosystem and Global Change, Hailar 021008, Inner Mongolia
⁴School of Life Sciences, Jining Teachers College, Wulanchabu 012000, Inner Mongolia

Received:2019-09-07 Accepted:2019-12-20 Online:2020-07-01 Published:2020-07-16
Contact: XiaoPing XIN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。

关键词: 刈割, 刈割制度, 羊草草甸草原, 植物功能群, 群落物种多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 Mowing is one of the main utilization methods of grassland, and plant functional groups and community species diversity are important ecological indicators for evaluating the degradation of grassland ecosystem under interference conditions. The plant functional groups and diversity in Leymus chinensis meadow grassland under different mowing were studied to understand the change process and mechanism of grassland functional groups and diversity, so as to provide a theoretical basis for ecological restoration of degraded mowing grassland. 【Method】 Taking the Hulunber Leymus chinensis meadow steppe as the experimental platform, the community vegetation was investigated by the sample method in the season with the most vigorous plant growth from 2014 to 2018 (early August of every year). The changes of community function groups and species diversity, as well as the interaction between different cutting time and cutting treatments, were analyzed under the conditions of annual cutting (G1), biennial cutting (G2), missed cutting 10 m (G3), missed cutting 10 m (G4) and control (CK), and the correlation between plant function groups and community species diversity was discussed. 【Result】 It was found that Leymus chinensis was the dominant species under different cutting systems, but with the increase of cutting frequency, the important value of Leymus chinensis decreased gradually, and the important value of the degraded indicator species such as Potentilla acaulis and Thermopsis lanceolate increased. The important values of leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Adenophora stenanthina, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Poa ratensis were higher than those of other treatments. The proportion of important values of gramineae and leguminous plants decreased under annual and perennial mowing treatment, and the proportion of compositae and sedge plants increased, which were mostly degraded plants. After mowing treatment for 5 years, the species diversity index of plant communities under different mowing systems increased, among which shannon-wiener diversity index and Simpson dominance index increased significantly under the treatment of 10 m of mowed zone. The change trend of evenness index of 5 mowed treatments was different, among which, the evenness of community of G3 and G4 treated grassland showed an increasing trend, increasing by 16% and 5.8%, respectively. The evenness index under G1, G2 and CK grassland decreased, among which G1 decreased the most (by 1.8%), followed by CK (by 1.6%), and G2 grassland decreased the least. According to the change analysis of plant community species diversity index, it was found that the plant community species diversity was improved after 5 years of different mowing treatments and 10 m of missed mowing treatments. There was a significant negative correlation between community species diversity index and important values of plant functional group of Gramineae, and a significant positive correlation between community species diversity index and important values of Ranunculaceae and Compositae. 【Conclusion】 Long-term and high-frequency mowing would lead to grassland degradation, and long-term non-utilization of grassland would also lead to retrograde succession of grassland. Mowing every two years and a missed cut zone of 10 m could alleviate the decrease of the proportion of dominant plants such as Gramineae in the community and promote the increase of the proportion of Ranunculaceae. After five years of different mowing treatment, the community diversity of mowing treatment with 10 m mowing zone was improved, that is, moderate mowing disturbance to the grassland (two-year mowing and missed cut 10m) was conducive to the sustainable development of the grassland.

Key words: mowing, mowing system, Leymus chinensis meadow steppe, plant functional groups, community species biodiversity

闫瑞瑞,张宇,辛晓平,卫智军,乌仁其其格,郭美兰. 刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(13): 2573-2583.

YAN RuiRui,ZHANG Yu,XIN XiaoPing,WEI ZhiJun,Wuren qiqige,GUO MeiLan. Effects of Mowing Disturbance on Grassland Plant Functional Groups and Diversity in Leymus chinensis Meadow Steppe[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(13): 2573-2583.

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图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物重要值变化"

种名 Species	G1	G2	G3	G4	CK
羊草 Leymus chinensis	30.71	36.43	30.98	31.63	30.56
裂叶蒿 Artemisia laciniata	18.14	0.00	7.98	2.90	1.77
蓬子菜 Galium verum	4.86	1.09	5.69	6.22	3.62
长柱沙参 Adenophora stenanthina	4.03	4.76	4.20	5.91	3.13
寸草苔Carex duriuscula	3.70	6.37	3.14	6.33	3.13
披针叶黄华Thermopsis lanceolata	3.40	1.85	6.68	4.37	2.13
展枝唐松草Thalictrum squarrosum	3.16	1.36	6.95	6.81	6.02
羽茅Achnatherum sibiricum	3.12	0.00	2.05	1.33	3.75
洽草Koeleria cristata	2.80	1.16	5.59	0.68	0.45
柴胡Bupleurum scorzonerifolium	2.60	7.59	4.13	6.26	4.83
山葱Veratrum nigrum	2.42	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.37
山韭Allium thunbergii	2.37	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.65
广布野豌豆Vicia cracca	2.37	1.17	0.48	0.79	1.00
无芒雀麦Bromus inermis	1.79	0.81	1.47	0.00	0.00
贝加尔针茅Stipa baicalensis	1.63	1.37	1.53	0.00	2.19
线叶菊Filifolium sibiricum	1.56	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
山野豌豆Vicia amoena	1.32	0.92	3.49	1.32	0.58
扁蓿豆Medicago falcata	1.13	0.00	0.87	3.02	0.77
狗舌草Tephroseris kirilowii	1.10	0.39	0.00	1.15	0.00
石竹Dianthus chinensis	1.09	0.00	1.24	0.00	7.55
细叶白头翁Pulsatilla turczaninovii	1.03	8.70	0.00	0.00	0.79
二裂委陵菜Potentilla bifurca	1.01	6.28	1.32	3.47	3.59
苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala	0.92	0.62	0.00	0.00	1.14
防风Saposhnikovia divaricata	0.86	0.00	0.33	0.40	1.11
地榆Sanguisorba officinalis	0.75	0.00	1.82	0.37	4.54
早熟禾Poa sphondylodes	0.70	2.51	2.70	2.92	1.54
双齿葱Allium bidentatum	0.55	2.05	0.47	0.73	0.21
野韭Allium ramosum	0.43	0.00	0.00	0.42	0.66
飞蓬Erigeron acer	0.42	1.25	0.00	1.99	0.60
糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa	0.00	2.82	0.88	1.56	0.52
细叶韭Allium tenuissimum	0.00	2.23	0.40	1.11	0.63
鸦葱Scorzonera austriaca	0.00	1.99	0.00	0.88	0.78
多裂叶荆芥Schizonepeta multifida	0.00	1.31	0.00	0.00	0.26
细叶百合Lilium pumilum	0.00	1.13	0.00	0.00	0.00
黄蒿Artemisia scoparia	0.00	1.00	3.18	0.00	1.17
柳穿榆Linaria vulgaris	0.00	0.79	0.39	0.00	1.14
驴蹄草Caltha palustris	0.00	0.24	0.00	0.98	0.00
狭叶青蒿Artemisia dracunculus	0.00	0.00	1.68	3.01	0.98
星毛委陵菜Potentilla acaulis	0.00	0.00	0.36	1.65	0.00
红茎委陵菜Potentilla nudicaulis	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.42	0.00
囊花鸢尾Iris ventricosa	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.03
东北大戟Euphorbia manschurica	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.52
山柳菊Hieracium krameri	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

表1

表2

图3

图4

表3

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功能群Function	影响因素 Factor	F	显著性Sig.
禾本科Gramineae	年际Interannual	9.309	<0.001***
	处理Treatment	3.681	0.011*
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	1.504	0.136
豆科Leguminosae	年际Interannual	7.342	<0.001***
	处理Treatment	1.01	0.412
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	1.758	0.066
毛茛科Ranunculaceae	年际Interannual	2.258	0.076
	处理Treatment	1.857	0.133
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	1.254	0.263
菊科Asteraeeae	年际Interannual	1.093	0.370
	处理Treatment	0.821	0.518
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	0.991	0.481
莎草科Cyperaceae	年际Interannual	5.933	<0.001***
	处理Treatment	1.098	0.368
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	2.242	0.015*
其他科Other family	年际Interannual	5.134	0.002**
	处理Treatment	0.819	0.519
	年际×处理Interannual×Treatment	0.735	0.745

因子 Factor	丰富度指数 Margarlef index	多样性指数 Shannon- Wiener index	优势度指数 Simpson index	均匀度指数 Pielou index	禾本科 Poaceae	豆科 Leguminosae	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	菊科 Asteraceae	莎草科 Cyperaceae	杂草类 Broadleaved herb
丰富度指数 Margarlef index	1	0.853**	0.659**	0.27	-0.661**	-0.131	0.540**	0.298	0.115	0.689**
多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index		1	0.925**	0.714**	-0.841**	-0.036	0.668**	0.466*	0.138	0.679**
优势度指数 Simpson index			1	0.849**	-0.875**	0.113	0.670**	0.504*	0.093	0.603**
均匀度指数 pielou index				1	-0.657**	0.256	0.572**	0.393	-0.029	0.322
禾本科Poaceae					1	-0.027	-0.562**	-0.668**	-0.272	-0.672**
豆科Leguminosae						1	-0.062	-0.133	-0.628**	-0.148
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae							1	0.18	0.04	0.322
菊科Asteraceae								1	0.152	0.166
莎草科 Cyperaceae									1	0.091
杂草类 Broadleaved herb										1

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

Effects of Mowing Disturbance on Grassland Plant Functional Groups and Diversity in Leymus chinensis Meadow Steppe

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